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摘要:目的
氢基能源是以氢作为主要介质转化形成的二次能源，对推动能源体系低碳转型，实现碳中和目标，具有重要意义。研究氢基能源产业的关键技术和发展现状，有助于对氢基能源产业的发展提出前瞻性的建议。
方法文章综述了氢气以及氨、甲醇和可持续航空煤油等绿色氢基燃料的生产、储运和应用三大环节的关键技术及其技术成熟度，研判了氢基能源产业技术的难点和发展方向，并基于国内外氢基能源的发展形势，分析了我国氢基能源产业发展的现状。
结果绿色氢基能源关键技术持续取得突破、核心装备国产化水平不断提高、示范项目的规模进一步扩大，但目前氢基能源产业的发展仍处于初期阶段，制约生产效率和应用推广的技术难题依然存在，规模化和降成本是产业发展的重要方向。
结论推动氢基能源产业的发展，需要夯实科技创新基础，围绕重点领域“卡脖子”技术攻关，加快自主创新产品的国产化。进一步加快储运基础设施建设并拓展下游应用场景，逐步建设和完善适应行业发展的产业政策和标准体系。
Abstract:ObjectiveHydrogen-based energy is a secondary energy source produced by the conversion of hydrogen as the major medium, which is of great significance for promoting the low-carbon transformation of the energy system and achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. The study of the key technologies and development status of the hydrogen-based energy industry contributes to provide forward-looking suggestions for the development of the industry.
MethodThis paper reviewed the key technologies and their technological maturity in the production, storage and transportation and application of green hydrogen-based fuels such as hydrogen, ammonia, methanol and sustainable aviation fuel, assessed the difficulties and development directions of hydrogen-based energy technology, and analyzed the current situation of the development of hydrogen-based energy industry in China based on the global development status.
ResultThe key technologies of green hydrogen-based energy continues to make breakthroughs, the localization level of core equipments continues to improve, and the scale of demonstration projects is further expanded. However, the development of hydrogen-based energy industry is still in the early stage and the technical challenges restricting production efficiency and application still exist. Scaling up and reducing costs are important directions of the industry's development.
ConclusionTo promote the development of the hydrogen-based energy industry, it is necessary to strengthen the foundation of scientific and technological innovation, focus on key areas of critical technologies research, and accelerate the localization of independent innovation products. Furthermore, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of storage and transportation infrastructure and expand downstream application scenarios, as well as gradually establish and improve the industrial policy and standard system that adapts to the development of the industry.
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图 1 氢基能源产业链示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the hydrogen-based energy industry chain
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图 3 绿色合成氨与传统合成氨工艺对比
Figure 3. Comparison of the synthesis process of green ammonia with traditional ammonia
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图 4 不同碳排放强度的甲醇合成工艺
Figure 4. Methanol synthesis processes with different carbon emission intensities
技术类型 化石燃料制氢 工业副产氢 电解水制氢 新型制氢 技术细分 煤气化制氢
天然气裂解制氢
甲醇裂解制氢焦炉煤气
合成氨/醇尾气
氯碱副产氢
丙烷脱氢等碱性电解水制氢
PEM电解水制氢
SOEC电解水制氢
AEM电解水制氢生物质制氢
核能制氢
太阳光催化制氢技术优势 技术成熟度高、产量大、成本低 工业副产品成本较低、投资小 设备简单、运行稳定、无碳排放 － 技术不足 工艺流程长、碳排放量大 建设地址受限、产量不可控 能耗高、制氢成本高 实验室研究阶段 成本水平/(元·kg−1) 6～15 8～20 15～40 － 碳排放情况 煤制氢：20～30 kg CO2/kg H2
天然气制氢：10～15 kg CO2/kg H2种类较多，通常在1～5 kg
CO2/kg H2范围零碳排放（清洁电力，
如是网电需要考虑电源结构）零碳排放 消费占比/% ～78 ～21 ～1.0 － 注：成本水平、消费占比为2024年数据。 
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电解槽类型 ALK PEM SOEC AEM 技术成熟度 商业化阶段 商业化阶段 应用示范阶段 应用示范阶段 电解液/质 20%～30%KOH 纯水 Y2O3/ZrO2 碱液/纯水 最大单机规模 25 MW(5 000 Nm3/h) 5 MW(1 000 Nm3/h) ～1 MW(200 Nm3/h) ～1 MW(200 Nm3/h) 制氢效率/% 60～80 65～85 75～95 60～75 系统电耗/
(kWh·Nm−3)4.5～5.5 4.0～5.0 3.0～4.0 4.0～5.0 工作温度/℃ 65～100 70～95 650～ 1000 65～95 操作压力/MPa 1.0～3.2 2.0～5.0 0.1～1.5 0.1～3.0 负荷范围/% 30～110 5～110 30～110 5～110 技术优势 技术成熟度高、
成本较低氢气压力大、纯度高、
响应迅速无贵金属催化剂、系统效率高，
可利用高温废热替代部分电耗可减少贵金属催化剂、
结构紧凑、响应速度快注：相关数据以2024年为参考基准。
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表 5 几类储氢载体的特性对比
Table 5 Comparison of the characteristics of several types of hydrogen storage carriers
氢载体 储氢模式 储氢
密度/wt%优势 劣势 液氨 利用合成氨技术将氢气转化成氨气，
进一步液化成液氨～17.8 合成氨工业成熟，液氨储运设备、
基础设施完善，有利于大规模储运液氨属于危化品，具有一定的臭味和毒性，高效液氨裂解制氢技术成熟度有待提升 甲醇 利用二氧化碳加氢技术将氢气转化为甲醇 ～12.5 甲醇与液氨类似，是常用的化工
原料，储运技术和基础设施完善，
有利于大规模储运甲醇属于危化品，具有毒性，现阶段二氧化碳加氢合成甲醇技术仍需提高 液态
有机物利用不饱和液体有机物作为储氢载体（储油），经过催化加氢反应生成饱和化合物
（氢油），氢油可催化脱氢重新生成储油～5～8 氢油性质稳定、安全性高，
适合大规模储运储氢与脱氢都需要经过催化反应，
设备复杂、综合能耗高固体
材料利用储氢材料与氢气之间发生的物理
或化学变化，转化为固溶体或氢化物的
形式进行储氢～1～8 体积储氢密度高、安全性好，
不需要高压容器质量储氢密度低、成本较高，氢气储放过程需特定温度范围
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储氢材料（氢油） 熔点/℃ 沸点/℃ 理论储氢量/wt% 环己烷 6.5 80.7 7.19 甲基环己烷 −126.6 101 6.18 反式-十氢化萘 −30.4 185 7.29 咔唑 244.8 355 6.70 乙基咔唑 68 190 5.80
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表 3 不同类型储氢瓶技术参数对比[15]
Table 3 Comparison of technical parameters of different types of hydrogen storage cylinders[15]
型号 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ 生产工艺 纯钢质金属 钢质内胆、纤维缠绕 铝质内胆、纤维缠绕 塑料内胆、纤维缠绕 无内胆、纤维缠绕 工作压力/MPa 20～30 10～50 30～70 ≥70 研发中 重量/体积比/(kg·L−1) 0.9～1.3 0.6～0.95 0.35～1.0 0.3～0.8 使用寿命/a 15 15 15/20 15/20 典型体积储氢密度/（kg·m−3） 15 20 25 ≥40 注：重量/体积比是储氢瓶重量与其体积的关系，体积储氢密度是储氢瓶储氢量与其体积的关系。
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表 6 几种燃料的理化性能对比
Table 6 Comparison of physical and chemical properties of various fuels
燃料 气体密度/
(kg·m−3)液体密度/
(kg·L−1)液化
温度/℃低热值/
(MJ·Nm−3)低热值/
(MJ·kg−1)氢气 0.089 9 0.071 −252.5 10.23 120 氨气 0.771 0.617 −33.5 14.34 18.6 甲醇 常温液态 0.793 64.8 常温液态 19.83 天然气 0.717 ～0.45 −161.5 35.87 50.0
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表 7 几种合成可持续航空煤油技术对比
Table 7 Comparison of several synthetic sustainable aviation fuel technologies
路线 原料 中间体 主要工序 技术成熟度 油脂加氢 动植物油脂、藻类植物 脂类 油脂提取、加氢脱氧、烷烃异构化 商业化可行性最高的工艺，
预计2030年前占据市场主导地位气化-费托合成 农林废弃物、富纤维能源作物 CO、H2 气化、费托合成 商业化试点 醇类制油 农林废弃物、玉米、甘蔗 醇类 发酵、脱水、聚合、加氢转化 商业化试点 电制燃料 大气CO2 CO2 直接空气碳捕集、可再生能源电解水制氢、
二氧化碳加氢合成发展中，直接空气碳捕集和清洁电力制氢，
减排潜力和生产潜力大清洁电力 H2
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表 8 氢基能源产业技术难点与发展方向
Table 8 Technical difficulties and development direction of hydrogen-based energy industry
燃料 技术难点 发展方向 氢气 体积能量密度低、大规模储运难度大；电解制氢效率低 大规模、低成本、高效制氢技术；大规模、低成本、高效氢储运技术 氨气 有毒化学品；燃烧性能差；合成能耗高 高效燃烧技术；高效氢氨转换技术 甲醇 毒性、腐蚀性；含碳燃料 绿色合成技术 可持续航空煤油 原料来源多、预处理工艺复杂；技术路线多，
除了脂类之外的合成路线成熟度低大规模、低成本合成技术
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表 9 典型绿色氢基燃料项目介绍
Table 9 Introductions of typical green hydrogen-based fuel projects
项目名称 建设内容 技术路线 项目亮点 新疆库车绿氢示范项目 新建300 MW光伏电站，2万t/a制氢能力的电解水制氢厂，21万Nm3的储氢球罐，输氢能力2.8万Nm3/h的输氢管线及配套输变电设施 光伏制氢 全国首个万吨级光伏绿氢项目 内蒙古达茂旗
制氢示范工程新建120 MW风电，80 MW光伏，电化学储能20 MW时，12 000 Nm3/h电解水制氢装置，
氢气年产能7 800 t风光制氢 全国首批大规模可再生能源制绿氢示范项目 洮南市风电耦合生物质
绿色甲醇一体化示范项目新建680 MW风电，80万t/a生物质预处理产线，年产绿色甲醇25万t 风电制氢耦合生物质
气化制绿色甲醇世界首台纯氧加压循环流化床生物质
气化系统，单炉生物质处理量300 t/d双鸭山绿色甲醇与
绿色航油示范基地项目建设年产20万t绿色甲醇、30万t绿色航油，配套风光发电、生物质收储及预处理、制氢储氢、生物质气化及合成航油装置等 风光制氢耦合生物质气化
制甲醇、费托合成航煤全球首个十万吨级风光氢融合
生物质绿色航油示范项目中能建松原氢能产业园
（绿色氢氨醇一体化）项目年产60万t绿色合成氨和6万t绿色甲醇，
配套建设3 GW新能源项目风光制氢合成氨、生物质富氧燃烧CO2加氢制甲醇 全球最大体量的绿色氢氨醇一体化项目
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表 10 绿色氢基燃料项目产能统计
Table 10 Statistics of green hydrogen-based fuel projects by capacity
类别 规划数量/项 规划总产能/(104 t·a−1) 投产数量/项 投产产能/(104 t·a−1) 绿氢 ＞700 ＞800 10 ＞12 绿氨 ＞120 ＞2 000 － － 低碳甲醇 ＞100 ＞2 400 － － 可持续航空煤油 ＞20 ＞700 4 45 注：统计数据截至2024年底，绿氢投产项目统计为10 MW容量以上的数量。
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