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With the increasing infrastructure of DERs and the increasing complexity of energy production structure, as cities evolve towards smart, the user-side energy consumption curve becomes more dynamic. Energy data, whether in terms of quantity, type or dynamic randomness is far ahead of the traditional energy era. Using human resources only cannot timely, effectively and accurately judge and control the supply and demand curve of distributed energy. At this point, an effective auxiliary tool —— the Internet of Energy —— is needed to replace the human brain in optimizing, analyzing, judging, making decisions on massive amounts of data and issuing instructions. Therefore, in the Internet of Energy, AI will be well applied to support the development of the Energy Internet. But we must be cautious with the development and utilization of energy. If we can raise our cognition of the impact on the ecological environment through the IoT and promote the dimension of the integration of things, energy (e.g., service) and ourselves (e.g., relation in smart local grid or IoT grid), with a granular and deeper understanding of Internet of Energy, we may find the sustainable way for the utilization of energy.
Renewable energy is the main, and non-renewable energy is the auxiliary and gradually eliminated. In coming years, as the world works toward harvesting renewable energy sources, the use of non-renewable resources is expected to fall, which will reduce the need for outdated infrastructures that handle resources such as coal and oil. Numerous types of distributed renewable energy generation technologies and systems on the Internet of Energy will increase the permeability, connectivity, and proportion of renewable energy in the energy market. It is necessary to predict and study a series of new scientific and technological problems, and the first is to explore whether nuclear energy should be eliminated from the long-term comparison of energy benefits and environmental damage. With more overall characteristics , the dynamic energy supply, incorporating time-sharing, planning, and demanding considerations will be used to restrict each other with price (electricity price and energy generation cost), realize the multi-objective overall optimization of green energy consumption, sustainable energy supply, dynamic regulation and energy storage, as well as ecological environment protection, and ensure the current and long-term consistency, encompassing energy self-evaluation, self-optimization, self-planning, self-evolution and self-balance. Related markets are shown in Fig. 10.
Figure 10. Markets of Internet of Energy [32]
The Internet of Energy will not only change the expected operation mode of the Energy Internet but also consider the response from the user's (DER and RER as energy prosumers) side. It explores the local and regional changes of load, by predicting and adapting to environmental changes (e.g., temperature drop, earthquakes, and other emergencies). Considering the random characteristics of new energy access, new energy (consumption and storage) modes, and new technology innovation, such as edge/cloud in the control, optimization, and scheduling of energy, the Internet of Energy will face greater challenges. Fortunately, there still is an opportunity to choose the correct way. A comparative analysis of smart grid, Energy Internet and Energy IoT concepts is shown in Tab. 1.
Table 1. A comparative analysis in the evolution stages of energy systems
Evolution stages Essence Objectives Source Capability Stages Technical Views Smart Grid/
Smart EnergySmart Decentralized energy system, centralized energy system Electricity, hydroelectricity, thermal power Coverage From 2nd industrial revolution Digitalization, automation and other intelligence; IoT only for condition monitoring of power equipment Integrated Energy System [33-34] Energy integration Collaborative optimization between different energy sources Natural gas, thermal energy, wind, light, water, biomass and other types of energy Regional multi-energy system From 2001, proposed by the United States Integrated energy system is the physical carrier of Energy Internet Energy Internet Energy sharing Distributed energy system
Peer-to-peer open, plug and play, two-way transmission, highly intelligent, real-time responseWind, light, water, electricity, nuclear and other types of energy Coverage, connectivity, deep integration with information and communication technology The period from 2014 and beyond, when the world reaches 10 energy-consuming products per capita, may just be the beginning. Big data, interactivity, edge computing and IoT for monitoring, management and the innovative representation of energy systems in the 3rd industrial revolution Energy IoT/
Internet of EnergyEnergy autonomy network Smart & connected energy system.
Balancing and cycling of energy supply, energy storage and energy consumption.
Integration of energy supply equipment networks and electricity consumption networks.
Integration into smart (eco) cities, smart planetModular, plug-in and networked energy (produce, storage and consumption for oneself); VPP arise Regional (cross-regional) load balancing and balanced forecasting, phase-out of high-consumption energy and access to low-consumption new energy sources; energy cloud autonomy In the future, the IoT will be fully applied when personnel hold hundreds of portable appliances, each household holds thousands of appliances and each business runs tens of thousands of appliances. Micro-scoping, convergence, sustainability, cloud computing and big data to form energy cloud autonomy.
IoT for monitoring, management, forecasting and overall optimization.
Smart, environmentally friendly, recycling, and bioenergyEnergy Eco Network (EEN) Searching for the tiniest particles of energy, possibly all derived from bioenergy. In addition to operating every individual asset in the VPP, the central control system uses AI algorithms to adjust to balance reserve commands from transmission system operators to grid conditions——just as a larger, conventional power plant does. Furthermore, the VPP can react quickly and efficiently when it comes to trading electricity, thus adjusting plant operations according to price signals from the power exchanges.Decentralized units create collective intelligence.With a pool of several small- and medium-scale installations, electricity is either consumed or produced from a VPP, a real energy plant or an energy reserving unit. Individual small plants can in general not offer services as balancing reserves or offer their flexibility on the power exchanges as their production or consumption profile varies strongly, they have insufficient availability due to unforeseen outages or they simply do not meet the minimum bid size of the markets. Perhaps we can imagine that before the real energy crisis comes, the Internet of Energy will meet the needs of human energy consumption just like the alternation of the sun and the moon, the cycle of the seasons. We will not feel like a system but a gift from nature. The autonomy of the Internet of Energy can consciously reduce the damage to the ecological environment, to the extent that the ecological environment can repair itself, and provide intelligent planning for the energy consumption of human technological development, avoiding the energy consumption produced by human beings.
Energy Internet of Things in the Perspective of Internet of Everything: Current Status, Technologies and Case Analysis
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摘要:
目的 万物互联(IoE)时代酝酿着的新一代物联网(IoT)的发展,正在通过选择和组合其中的新信息、新功能、新应用,来实现其多样化发展。基于物联网技术的能源物联网,将物理事物之间的信息交换和能源交换,在同一张动态网络中连接起来。能源物联网催生着新的服务模式和能源的组织、交换、管理方式;它不仅涵盖能源即服务(Energy-as-a-service)和产销者(Prosumer)等新概念,还引领智慧建筑、智能抄表、智慧电网、分布式能源、虚拟电厂等创新应用。 方法 文章分析了能源物联网的现状,包括其关键的行业驱动因素、潜在的技术和应用,及其相关的研究进展。 结果 从学术和行业应用的角度讨论和比较了能源互联网与能源物联网的定义,并分析了面向能源物联网演进的一些主要阶段和需要关注的问题。 结论 文章为能源物联网的进一步研究和实践提供有益的参考。 Abstract:Introduction The new generation of the Internet of Things (IoT) is being fostered in the era of Internet of Everything (IoE), realizing its diverse development by selecting and combining new information, functions, and applications. The Energy Internet of Things (Energy IoT) which is based on IoT, envisions a future where physical things are connected through a dynamic network that exchanges information and energy. The Energy IoT is giving rise to new service models and methods for organizing, exchanging, and managing energy; It covers not only new concepts such as Energy-as-a-Service and Prosumer, but also leads to innovative applications in smart buildings, intelligent metering, smart grids, distributed energy, virtual power plants and more. Method This paper analyzed the current status of the Energy IoT, including its key industry drivers, potential technologies and applications, challenges and related research areas. Result This paper discusses and compares the definitions of Energy Internet and Energy IoT from academic and industry perspectives. And it analyzes some major stages and issues of future research in the Energy IoT. Conclusion This paper provides a useful reference for further research and practical applications in the field of Energy IoT. -
Fig. 1 Energy as-a-service in the cloud, where energy and information flow re-organized [13]
Fig. 2 Smart energy infrastructure view: A distributed dynamically collaborative cloud for CPS in the Smart City domain, including information and energy exchange and control ( e.g., V2G, DER, VPP, smart grid platform, V2X communication in the upgrading industrial 4.0 applications) [10]
Fig. 3 Multi-industrial model around Energy IoT and its smart value chains [17]
Fig. 4 Smart building/ home use case allowing for the four-layer structure of IoT [9]
Fig. 5 Energy management use case based on the heterogeneous metering platform, with MiddleWares (MW) deployment on the edge of WAN/LAN [3]
Fig. 6 Smart grid in Japanese SST [23]
Fig. 7 MG structure in a distribution management system (DMS) [26]
Fig. 8 Either end as a prosumer for real-time smart management of VPP in Energy IoT [3]
Fig. 9 Energy LAN on the edge as a smart local grid [3]
Fig. 10 Markets of Internet of Energy [32]
Tab. 1. A comparative analysis in the evolution stages of energy systems
Evolution stages Essence Objectives Source Capability Stages Technical Views Smart Grid/
Smart EnergySmart Decentralized energy system, centralized energy system Electricity, hydroelectricity, thermal power Coverage From 2nd industrial revolution Digitalization, automation and other intelligence; IoT only for condition monitoring of power equipment Integrated Energy System [33-34] Energy integration Collaborative optimization between different energy sources Natural gas, thermal energy, wind, light, water, biomass and other types of energy Regional multi-energy system From 2001, proposed by the United States Integrated energy system is the physical carrier of Energy Internet Energy Internet Energy sharing Distributed energy system
Peer-to-peer open, plug and play, two-way transmission, highly intelligent, real-time responseWind, light, water, electricity, nuclear and other types of energy Coverage, connectivity, deep integration with information and communication technology The period from 2014 and beyond, when the world reaches 10 energy-consuming products per capita, may just be the beginning. Big data, interactivity, edge computing and IoT for monitoring, management and the innovative representation of energy systems in the 3rd industrial revolution Energy IoT/
Internet of EnergyEnergy autonomy network Smart & connected energy system.
Balancing and cycling of energy supply, energy storage and energy consumption.
Integration of energy supply equipment networks and electricity consumption networks.
Integration into smart (eco) cities, smart planetModular, plug-in and networked energy (produce, storage and consumption for oneself); VPP arise Regional (cross-regional) load balancing and balanced forecasting, phase-out of high-consumption energy and access to low-consumption new energy sources; energy cloud autonomy In the future, the IoT will be fully applied when personnel hold hundreds of portable appliances, each household holds thousands of appliances and each business runs tens of thousands of appliances. Micro-scoping, convergence, sustainability, cloud computing and big data to form energy cloud autonomy.
IoT for monitoring, management, forecasting and overall optimization.
Smart, environmentally friendly, recycling, and bioenergyEnergy Eco Network (EEN) Searching for the tiniest particles of energy, possibly all derived from bioenergy. In addition to operating every individual asset in the VPP, the central control system uses AI algorithms to adjust to balance reserve commands from transmission system operators to grid conditions——just as a larger, conventional power plant does. Furthermore, the VPP can react quickly and efficiently when it comes to trading electricity, thus adjusting plant operations according to price signals from the power exchanges.Decentralized units create collective intelligence.With a pool of several small- and medium-scale installations, electricity is either consumed or produced from a VPP, a real energy plant or an energy reserving unit. Individual small plants can in general not offer services as balancing reserves or offer their flexibility on the power exchanges as their production or consumption profile varies strongly, they have insufficient availability due to unforeseen outages or they simply do not meet the minimum bid size of the markets. -
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