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目前,国内外已建成众多绿氢示范项目,大体上可分为3类,分别是配用电侧/微网侧电氢耦合项目、新能源基地规模化制氢与综合利用项目以及氢能灵活调节项目。
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配用电侧/微网侧电氢耦合项目的关键特征是:利用氢电耦合技术开展制氢、储氢、用氢全流程示范。此类项目的电-氢耦合模式基本一致,氢能流主要包括:电解水制氢→储氢罐→氢燃料电池汽车加氢+燃料电池发电用氢;电能流主要包括:可再生能源发电+氢燃料电池发电→电化学储能→质子交换膜(Proton Exchange Membrane,PEM)电解水制氢用电+电动汽车快充用电,示意图如图1所示。不同项目中设备配备的容量参数不同,具体如表1所示。
图 1 配用电侧/微网侧电氢耦合项目示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of power-hydrogen coupling projects on the distribution/micro-grid side
表 1 代表性配用电侧/微网侧电氢耦合项目具体参数
Table 1. Specifications of representative power-hydrogen coupling projects on the distribution/micro-grid side
不同项目各具特色,宁波慈溪氢电耦合直流微网示范工程是国内首个电-氢-热-车耦合的±10 kV直流互联系统,同时充分利用燃料电池发电产生的热能供热[20];杭州亚运低碳氢能示范工程建成柔性直流配电网络,并与格力电器合作,进一步研究直流充电、空调变频等典型近用户侧技术应用[21];丽水缙云水光氢生物质零碳能源示范项目通过电网供电制氢,氢气应用场景更加多元化,包括利用绿氢“提纯”沼气制取生物天然气[23]。
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新能源基地规模化制氢与综合利用项目的关键特征是:规模化制氢与多元化利用。此类项目基本分布在风光水电资源丰富地区,主要由风电/光伏发电、电解水制氢、氢气利用三大系统单元组成,示意图如图2所示。
图 2 新能源基地规模化制氢与利用项目示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of large-scale hydrogen production in renewable energy basis and utilization projects
表2中列举了代表性新能源基地规模化制氢与利用项目的关键参数。
表 2 代表性新能源基地规模化制氢与利用项目具体参数
Table 2. Specifications of large-scale hydrogen production in renewable energy basis and utilization projects
甘肃“液态太阳燃料合成示范项目”是国内首个太阳能燃料生产示范工程,光伏电解水制取的氢气与汽化后的二氧化碳在催化剂作用下反应合成甲醇,可作为低碳运输燃料[24];中石化新疆库车绿氢示范项目是全球在建的最大光伏绿氢生产项目,项目生产的绿氢将供应中国石化塔河炼化,开创绿氢炼化新发展路径[25];宝丰能源一体化太阳能电解水制氢项目所产氢气,供给加氢站,以及化工系统生产聚乙烯、聚丙烯等上百种高端化工产品,与现代煤化工耦合制高端化工新材料[26]。
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氢能灵活调节项目的关键特征是:将氢能作为电力系统的可调节资源。一方面,电制氢装置可以在源侧直接追踪新能源波动性出力,促进可再生能源的就地消纳;另一方面,电制氢装置可与储氢、燃氢发电相配合,在新能源出力不足、电力供应紧张时段提供发电出力,保障新型电力系统全时段电力电量平衡,示意图如图3所示。
目前,此类项目数量相对较少。安徽省六安市的兆瓦级氢能综合利用项目[27]是电网领域首个兆瓦级PEM制氢示范,电制氢装置作为可控负荷,将过剩的电力转化为氢能进行储存,并与兆瓦级燃料电池发电站相结合实现“削峰填谷”;德国美因茨项目[28]中,制氢装置与中压电网及周围的4个风电场相连接,当现货市场中可再生电力价格较低时,则判定此时风电“过剩”,并启动制氢设备,其余时间风电机组则并网发电。
Analysis and Development Outlook on the Typical Modes of Green Hydrogen Projects
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摘要:
目的 新能源的高比例接入对电力系统的安全稳定运行和电力可靠供应提出了更高的要求。氢能与电能在终端应用场景上有较好的互补特性,以新能源制氢为主体的“绿氢”将成为新型能源体系中重要组成部分,助力新型电力系统建设。目前,国内外绿氢示范项目方兴未艾,但项目模式与未来发展趋势尚不明晰。文章旨在厘清现有绿氢项目的模式,并提出破解绿氢项目规模化推广及电-氢协同效应充分发挥的瓶颈性问题。 方法 首先,系统梳理国内外现有绿氢示范项目,并针对各类项目特征进行全面剖析;在此基础之上,研判未来绿氢示范项目的发展趋势。之后,分析当前发展所面临的关键问题与挑战,并提出重点举措。 结果 研究结果表明:当前示范项目主要有配用电侧/微网侧电氢耦合项目、新能源基地规模化制氢与综合利用项目以及氢能灵活调节项目三大类,其规模化推广的关键问题在于:缺乏针对电、氢系统的协同规划与统筹、绿氢经济竞争力较低以及部分核心技术、设备、材料依赖进口。 结论 应以加强协同规划与顶层设计、研究制定配套政策体系、健全相关市场机制、加快标准制定、部署重点项目为关键着力点构建重点举措体系,推动绿氢项目推广与电-氢协同发展。 Abstract:Introduction The increasingly high proportion of renewable power sources raises higher requirements for the safe and stable operation of the power system and the reliable supply of electricity. Hydrogen and electricity are complementary in many scenarios of energy consumption. Green hydrogen produced by renewable power will become an important component of the new energy system, which can also facilitate the construction of the new power system. Recently, green hydrogen demonstration projects in China and abroad are burgeoning. However, the typical modes and future development trends are not clear. This paper aims at clarifying the typical modes for green hydrogen projects and providing solutions to issues faced by the large-scale application and the full play of power-hydrogen coupling. Method In this paper, the existing green hydrogen demonstration projects in China and abroad were systematically analyzed. The characteristics of the three groups were studied, based on which, the development trends of green hydrogen demonstration projects were proposed. Then, the key problems and challenges were analyzed, and key measures were proposed. Result Through the study, the green hydrogen projects are grouped into three categories, which are power-hydrogen coupling projects on the distribution/micro-grid side, large-scale hydrogen production near renewable basis and utilization projects and hydrogen-based flexible adjustment projects. Key issues lying ahead include the lack of coordinated planning between the power and hydrogen system, the less economic competitiveness of green hydrogen and some of the key technologies, equipment and materials are dependent on imports. Conclusion To solve these issues and promote the development of green hydrogen projects, the coordinated planning of power and hydrogen system should be strengthened, formulated a set of supporting policies, improved the relevant market mechanisms, accelerated the standards and deployed some essential projects. -
Key words:
- green hydrogen /
- mode /
- power-hydrogen coupling /
- coordinated planning /
- economy /
- standards
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表 1 代表性配用电侧/微网侧电氢耦合项目具体参数
Tab. 1. Specifications of representative power-hydrogen coupling projects on the distribution/micro-grid side
表 2 代表性新能源基地规模化制氢与利用项目具体参数
Tab. 2. Specifications of large-scale hydrogen production in renewable energy basis and utilization projects
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