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农村能源是农村地区生产、生活所需要的能源供应及消费的总称,主要包括煤、薪柴等传统能源、新能源和可再生能源[2]。
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中国四千多年的农耕文明,展现了“天人合一”的原始生态观:“燧人氏”钻木取火的发现使人类学会吃熟肉;“伏羲氏”教人们结网、打猎、养殖牲畜;“神农氏”教人们种五谷、制造农具,原始的耕种农业由此展开。人力、畜力、水车、风车、手工生产和马车等的应用,中国走过了悠长的农业文明时代。
进入工业革命时代,为满足新中国发展建设需要,我国提出“能源工业发展以电力为中心”,由于我国城乡分治,侧重于工业和城市用能,导致农村电力供应长期不足,电气化水平不高;农村过度依赖薪柴,森林面积减少,污染环境;农村能源体系建设不发达,消费层次相对低[3]的局面。
在改革开放的时代背景下,我国致力于构建一个以可再生能源为核心的可持续能源体系。鉴于农村能源与可再生能源之间的天然联系,农村的能源政策更多地关注国家的能源安全,并致力于满足能源供应的多样化需求。随着温室气体的排放量逐渐上升和全球气候变暖的趋势,气候变化的问题已经超越了国家的边界因此,如何有效地利用农、林、工业废弃物和种植能源作物已成为可再生能源开发的第一选择。
中国四大经济区划分为东部、中部、西部和东北部4个地区,不同地区能源使用形式不一样,主要使用电、煤气、天然气、液化石油气、柴草、煤、沼气、太阳能等能源,具体分布如表1所示。
表 1 我国四大经济区主要生活能源结构
Table 1. Main living energy structure of China's four economic zones
能源种类 全国/% 东部地区/% 中部地区/% 西部地区/% 东北地区/% 电 58.6 57.2 59.3 59.5 58.7 煤气、天然气、液化石油气 49.3 69.5 58.2 24.5 20.3 柴草 44.2 27.4 40.1 58.6 84.5 煤 23.9 29.4 16.3 24.8 27.4 沼气 0.7 0.3 0.7 1.2 0.1 太阳能 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 其他 0.5 0.2 0.2 1.3 0.1 注:此指标每户可选两项,分项之和大于100%。数据来源2016年国家统计局第三次全国农业普查主要数据公报(第四号)。 由表1可知,东部沿海地区经济发达,能源使用更加多元化,森林拥有量较少,薪柴和沼气使用较少,生物质能、煤、电力和液化石油气的消费相对较高,东部地区取暖比重较中西、东北地区低,热水需求比重较其他地区高。中西部地区地多人口也多,依旧有许多农户使用薪柴和电;东北地区冬季温度低且严寒,需要取暖,农户多使用柴草来取暖[4]。
Current Situation and Analysis of Rural Energy Development under the "Dual Carbon" Goal
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摘要:
目的 通过对人类利用能源的历史、中国农村能源的现状分析,总结出我国农村主要的能源结构特点。 方法 通过文献法、对比分析法等研究方法去探究农村能源发展现状,识别农村能源发展存在的问题以及未来发展趋势。 结果 从农村能源使用的多元化来看,薪柴的使用量逐渐减少、农村沼气的发展逐渐趋于平缓、农村电网改造完成后农村用电趋于饱和、随着“西气东输”政策的实施燃气占比逐年上升、太阳能热利用大面积普及后稳中有降、随着光伏发电技术的突破太阳能发电量快速提升。 结论 针对中国农村能源现状,农村能源中传统利用方式逐渐被改变,新能源的发展得到了重视,文章结合国家政策找出了农村能源相应的能源特点,探究“节能减排”的新时期“双碳”目标下农村能源的发展趋势。 Abstract:Introduction By analyzing the history of human utilization of energy and the current situation of China's rural energy, this paper summarizes the main energy structure characteristics of rural areas in China. Method Through literature method, comparative analysis and other research methods, this paper explored the current situation of rural energy development and identified the existing problems and future development trends of rural energy development. Result From the perspective of the diversification of rural energy use, the usage of firewood is gradually decreasing, the development of rural biogas tends to be stable, the rural electricity consumption is becoming saturated after the completion of rural power grid transformation, the proportion of gas is increasing year by year with the implementation of the "West-to-East Gas Transmission" policy, the solar thermal utilization is steadily declining after the large-scale popularization, and the solar power generation is rapidly increasing with the breakthrough of photovoltaic power generation technology. Conclusion According to the current situation of rural energy in China, the traditional way of using rural energy has been gradually changed, and the development of new energy has been paid attention to. In combination with national policies, the corresponding energy characteristics of rural energy have been found, and the development trend of rural energy under the "dual carbon" goal in the new era of "energy saving and emission reduction" has been explored. -
表 1 我国四大经济区主要生活能源结构
Tab. 1. Main living energy structure of China's four economic zones
能源种类 全国/% 东部地区/% 中部地区/% 西部地区/% 东北地区/% 电 58.6 57.2 59.3 59.5 58.7 煤气、天然气、液化石油气 49.3 69.5 58.2 24.5 20.3 柴草 44.2 27.4 40.1 58.6 84.5 煤 23.9 29.4 16.3 24.8 27.4 沼气 0.7 0.3 0.7 1.2 0.1 太阳能 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 其他 0.5 0.2 0.2 1.3 0.1 注:此指标每户可选两项,分项之和大于100%。数据来源2016年国家统计局第三次全国农业普查主要数据公报(第四号)。 -
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