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同步调相机没有原动机,只承载无功负荷,本质上是1种空载运行用于向系统提供或吸收无功功率,改善功率因数的同步电动机,通过改变励磁电流的大小对无功功率进行调控。同步调相机的运行过程分为过励磁和欠励磁2种状态。在正常运行情况时,机端电压U和定子电流I之间存在90°相位差,在过励磁运行时,定子电流I相位超前机端电压U,调相机表现为电容器,将感性无功功率提供给系统,以增加系统电压;在欠励磁运行时,机端电压U相位超前定子电流I,调相机表现为电感器,从系统吸取感性无功功率,使系统电压下降。
在d-q-0坐标系下,调相机无功功率表达式为:
$$ {Q_{{\mathrm{SC}}}} = {U_{{q}}} \times {I_{{d}}} $$ (1) 式中:
Uq
——调相机机端电压的q轴分量(kV); Id
——调相机定子电流的d轴分量(kA)。 图1为调相机次暂态等值模型,$ E_q^{''} $为调相机q轴次暂态电动势,$ X_d^{''} $为d轴次暂态电抗,$ X_{\mathrm{T}} $为调相机升压变电抗。
根据等值模型,可得Id为:
$$ {I_{{d}}} = \dfrac{{E_{{q}}^{''} - {U_{{q}}}}}{{{{X}}_{{d}}^{''} + {{{X}}_{{{\mathrm{T}}}}}}} $$ (2) 将式(2)带入式(1),得在次暂态模型下,故障前调相机出力计算公式:
$$ {Q_{{\text{SC}}}} = \dfrac{{{U_{{q}}}(E_{{q}}^{''} - {U_{{q}}})}}{{{{X}}_{{d}}^{''} + {{{X}}_{\text{T}}}}} $$ (3) 当交流系统发生故障,出现过电压时,设过电压为Um,将其近似为调相机机端电压,此时调相机出力:
$$ Q_{{\text{SC}}}^{''} = \dfrac{{{U_{{q}}}(E_{{q}}^{''} - {U_{{{\mathrm{m}}}}})}}{{{{X}}_{{d}}^{''} + {{{X}}_{\text{T}}}}} $$ (4) 由式(3)、式(4)可得,故障下调相机无功功率变化量$ \Delta Q_{{\mathrm{SC}}} $:
$$ \Delta {Q}_{\text{SC}}={Q}_{\text{SC}}\text-{Q}_{\text{SC}}^{''}\text=\dfrac{{U}_{m}^{2}-{U}_{q}^{2}+{E}_{q}^{''}({U}_{m}-{U}_{q})}{{{X}}_{d}^{''}+{{X}}_{\text{T}}} $$ (5) -
故障过程可以分为3个阶段:第一阶段是次暂态阶段,此时电流幅值急速下降,持续时间很短;第二阶段是暂态阶段,此时电流在较长时间段内逐渐衰减;第三阶段是稳态阶段,此时电流维持恒定。在三相短路基础上对故障时短路电流变化的物理过程进行分析总结如下:在短路瞬间,转子上呈感性的阻尼绕组D和励磁绕组f抑制了电流变化和磁通传入,使得电枢反应磁通走阻尼绕组D和励磁绕组f的漏磁路径,磁导率低,相应的定子回路等值电抗较低而电流较大,这种状态被称为次暂态状态。图2展示出对应于该状态的等效电路。
图 2 直轴次暂态电抗$ X_d^{''} $等值电路
Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of direct-axis sub-transient reactance $ X_d^{''} $
由于阻尼绕组D和励磁绕组f均有电阻,阻尼绕组的感生电流和励磁绕组的感应电流均衰减,在降低到一定程度后,直轴电枢反应磁通先穿入阻尼绕组,励磁绕组的感生电流仍可抑制电枢反应磁通通过。此时定子等值电抗有所增加,定子电流较小,此状态称为暂态状态。对应的等效电路如图3所示。
图 3 直轴暂态电抗$ X_d^{'} $等值电路
Figure 3. Equivalent circuit of direct-axis transient reactance $ X_d^{'} $
在此之后,电枢反应磁通将在阻尼绕组的感应电流衰减到0时全部穿入直轴,磁导达到最大,进入稳态运行状态,对应的定子电抗为Xd,定子电流为稳态值。Xd对应的等效电路如图4所示。
图 4 直轴稳态电抗$ {X_d} $等值电路
Figure 4. Equivalent circuit of direct-axis - steady-state reactance $ {X_d} $
按照叠加原理和原始Park方程,推导出不计自动调节励磁装置励磁系统条件下机端短路时的定子电流表达式id、iq如下:
$$ \begin{array}{c}{i}_{d}=\dfrac{{E}_{{\rm{q}}\left|0\right|}}{{{X}}_{{{d}}}}+[(\dfrac{1}{{\text{X}}_{{{d}}}^{''}}-\dfrac{1}{{{X}}_{{{d}}}^{'}})\mathrm{cos}{\delta }_{{\rm{g}}}{e}^{-\dfrac{t}{{T''}_{{{d}}}}}+(\dfrac{1}{{{X'}}_{{{d}}}}\\ -\dfrac{1}{{{X}}_{{{d}}}})\mathrm{cos}{\delta }_{{\rm{g}}}{e}^{-\dfrac{t}{{T}_{d}^{'}}}-\dfrac{1}{{{X}}_{{{d}}}^{''}}{e}^{-\dfrac{t}{{T}_{{\rm{a}}}}}\mathrm{cos}(\omega t+{\delta }_{{\rm{g}}})]{U}_{\left|0\right|}\end{array} $$ (6) $$ \begin{array}{c}{i}_{q}=-{U}_{\left|0\right|}(\dfrac{1}{{{X}}_{{{q}}}^{''}}-\dfrac{1}{{{X}}_{{{q}}}^{}})\mathrm{sin}{\delta }_{{\rm{g}}}{e}^{-\dfrac{t}{{T}_{{{q}}}^{''}}}+\\ \dfrac{{U}_{\left|0\right|}}{{{X}}_{{{q}}}^{''}}\mathrm{sin}(\omega t+{\delta }_{{\rm{g}}}){e}^{-\tfrac{t}{{T}_{{\rm{a}}}}}\end{array} $$ (7) 式中:
$ {E}_{{\mathrm{q}}\left|0\right|} $ ——励磁电流的空载电动势的有效值(kV);
$ {X}_{d} $ ——d轴稳态电抗(Ω);
$ {{X}}_{d}^{''} $ ——d轴次暂态电抗(Ω);
$ {X}_{d}^{'} $ —— d轴暂态电抗(Ω);
$ {\delta }_{{\mathrm{g}}} $ ——短路前调相机功角(°);
$ {T''}_{d} $ ——d轴次暂态短路时间常数(s);
$ {T'}_{d} $ ——d轴暂态短路时间常数(s);
$ {T}_{a} $ ——定子绕组次暂态的时间常数(s);
$ \omega $ ——调相机电角速度(rad/s);
$ {U_{|0|}} $ ——短路前机端电压(kV);
$ {X}_{q}^{''} $ ——q轴次暂态电抗(Ω);
$ {X}_{q} $ ——q轴稳态电抗(Ω)。
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调相机作为直流输送中理想的无功补偿设备,根据配置位置和容量的不同,分为大容量调相机和分布式调相机。大容量调相机容量可达300 Mvar,通常配置在直流换流站或近区,在送端主要起抑制换流站过电压的作用,在受端主要作用是抑制受端交流母线低电压。分布式调相机容量较小,目前主要有10 Mvar、20 Mvar、50 Mvar几种容量设计,通常配置在新能源场站,用以抑制新能源机端暂态过电压,防止新能源过电压脱网[26]。
就现有的无功补偿装置而言,SVC和SVG无功补偿装置受其工作原理限制,其配置容量只占新能源厂站额定功率的20%~25%,并且过载能力很弱[27],在发生故障时难以给系统提供足够的动态无功支撑,其中SVC无功输出能力与接入点电压的平方成正比,而SVG无功输出与接入点电压成正比,并且无法在三相严重不平衡的情况下正常工作[28]。调相机作为旋转设备,不仅具有良好的无功输出特性,还在改善直流受端暂态低电压、抑制直流送端暂态过电压、降低直流受端换相失败概率、利用强励提高系统稳定性等方面有其独特优势。大容量调相机与分布式调相机可以综合配置,相互支撑,能够大幅提升新能源送出水平。另外,大容量调相机本质上作为空载运行的大型同步电动机,可以为高比例新能源送端系统提供一定的转动惯量支撑和短路容量[29]。
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高压直流受端多建在负荷中心,通常存在多馈入现象,直流受端在故障时主要问题为无功支撑不足,面临低电压问题。当电压大幅跌落,就可能导致换相失败的发生。调相机具备次暂态特性,在故障发生瞬间调相机内电势保持不变,并能迅速吸收或输出大量无功功率。在直流受端加装调相机可以瞬时发出大量无功功率从而支撑电网电压。对于多直流馈入电网,直流受端加装调相机还可减少多回直流同时换相失败的几率,提升电网的安全性稳定性。
文献[30]分析了LCC-HVDC换相失败的机理和同步调相机提高LCC-HVDC换相失败抵御能力的机理,表明同步调相机对于LCC-HVDC换相失败情况具有显著抑制作用。文献[31]在调相机对多馈入直流的优化基础上,提出了如图5的多馈入直流系统中调相机的选址方法,该方法能够提升调相机对于换相失败的抑制效果。
高压直流送端大多建在新能源集中地区,系统较弱,换相失败、直流闭锁、近区交流故障都将引起送端过电压。虽然上述故障下暂态过电压的产生机理不尽相同,但调相机可以凭借其良好的进相运行能力,瞬时吸收大量无功,抑制暂态过电压,对于新能源外送的直流送端,加装调相机可以有效防止新能源大规模脱网,并提高新能源在直流系统中的输送比例。
文献[32]以降低直流近区新能源暂态过电压为目标,提出1种调相机的动态无功布点方法。文献[33]分析了调相机对暂态过电压的抑制作用,提出了调相机的容量选取原则与补偿前后过电压幅值大小、额定直流传输功率、送端短路比有关,并提出调相机投入最优容量的计算公式,如式(8)所示:
$$ {Q}_{{\rm{tc}}}=-\dfrac{{\mathrm{SCR}}·{P}_{{\rm{dN}}}·\Delta U}{3k} $$ (8) 式中:
SCR ——送端交流系统短路比;
PdN ——额定直流传输功率(MW);
ΔU ——送端交流母线电压变化量(kV);
k ——调相机欠励运行容量与额定容量之比。
上述分析主要是利用调相机良好的动态特性来保持电力系统的安全稳定,为提高调相机的利用率,提高换流站运行经济性,一些研究尝试让换流站内调相机参与稳态无功补偿,文献[34]提出了1种同步调相机滞相运行,使直流换流站滤波电容欠补偿的协调控制策略,该策略可以减少滤波电容投入组数,并一定程度上减少交流电压下降后换流站的无功缺额。
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新能源并网点与换流站间电气距离较远,大容量调相机通常安装在换流站及其近区,不足以抑制新能源机端的暂态过电压。而分布式调相机可以分层分散配置,在防止新能源过电压脱网和提高新能源送出能力上具有良好效果。分布式调相机的在工作原理上与大容量调相机相同,在设计制造上通常采用纯空冷方案,相比于大容量调相机,分布式调相机的相关设计参数均实现了一定优化,具有更好的动态特性,其故障下瞬时强励能力可达3.5倍以上,并具有与额定容量相等的进相运行能力[35]。文献[36]研究了总容量相同的分布式调相机与大容量调相机对电网的电压支撑能力,从仿真上验证了分布式调相机的投运优势;文献[37]分析了高比例新能源直流送端暂态过电压的传播特性,建立了分布式调相机优化配置模型,一定程度上提高了分布式调相机配置和运行的经济性。
Development Application and Dynamic Characteristics of Synchronous Condenser in Electric Power System
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摘要:
目的 伴随以新能源为主体的能源互联网架构的构建,特高压直流输电工程成为电力输送的重要方式,电网呈现出“强直弱交”新特性。同步调相机凭借其无功响应速度快、电压支撑能力强等良好的动态特性,在应对电网“强直弱交”特性中具有独特优势。 方法 为研究调相机在特高压直流工程中的应用,总结了调相机的发展历史,介绍了火电机组改造调相机、新一代大容量调相机、分布式调相机等国内几种主要类型的调相机的发展现状,分析了调相机的工作原理和动态特性,梳理了调相机较SVC等无功补偿装置具备的优势、大容量调相机与分布式调相机各自的适用场景和现有配置策略。 结果 在PSCAD/EMTDC平台搭建含调相机的直流送出系统仿真模型,仿真验证了调相机对受端换相失败和换相失败引发的送端暂态过电压的抑制能力、调相机在滞相运行下的动态无功补偿能力。 结论 分析表明调相机可以对暂态过电压和换相失败产生良好抑制作用,滞相运行不会影响调相机的无功响应速度和动态无功支撑能力,具有参与换流站稳态补偿的工程应用前景。 Abstract:Introduction With the establishment of the energy Internet architecture mainly relying on new energies, HVDC transmission has become an important way of power transmission, power grids present a new characteristic of "strong DC and weak AC". Synchronous condensers have unique advantages in dealing with the issue of "strong DC and weak AC" by virtue of their dynamic performance such as fast reactive power response and strong voltage support capability. Method To study the application of synchronous condensers in HVDC works, this paper summarized the development of synchronous condensers, introduced the current development status of several major types of synchronous condensers in China, such as synchronous condensers for transforming thermal power units, new-generation large-capacity synchronous condensers, distributed synchronous condensers, analyzed the working principle and dynamic characteristics of synchronous condensers. Then the paper summarized the virtues of synchronous condensers when compared with other reactive power compensation devices such as SVC, the application scenarios, existing configuration strategies of large-capacity synchronous condensers and distributed synchronous condensers. Result Finally, a simulation model of DC transmission system with synchronous condensers is built on the PSCAD/EMTDC platform. The simulation verify the suppression capability of synchronous condensers for commutation failure at the sending end and transient overvoltage at the receiving end caused by commutation failure, as well as the dynamic reactive power compensation capability under lagging phase operation. Conclusion The analysis shows that synchronous condensers have adequate suppression of transient overvoltage and commutation failure and their reactive power response speed and dynamic reactive power support capability will not be affected by lagging phase operation, which contributes to their prospect of engineering application for steady-state compensation in converter stations. -
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