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近年来,光伏建筑一体化材料和技术取得了一系列发展,但仍存在很多问题。除了构件体系和标准规范亟待尽快完善外,还包括:
1)传统光伏组件外观差,建筑设计师不愿意选用其作为外墙。
2)彩色光伏组件技术尚处于初期,光损耗较高,造成组件效率低下。
3)还未真正实现顾客定制化、未实现高档花纹。
4)传统丝网印刷制造的彩色光伏组件在审美上偏低俗,色彩土艳,贼光居多。
光伏外墙板应根据各地特点与需求,兼具装饰、封装等功能。光伏外墙板的外表面除传统黑色之外,还可以有多种纹路图案和颜色,多种色彩、多种纹路图案的光伏外墙板作为建筑墙体的外立面装饰件,同时具备发电和装饰的功能,成为“挂在外墙上的油田”,可以节省建筑外立面装饰材料的成本,助力清洁能源在建筑外立面的应用和推广,从而降低建筑物碳排放。
团队通过对设备和材料的跨界创新,实现了在玻璃表面打印高清晰度、高光透率图案和花纹的技术,可以制造出各类逼真木纹、大理石、砖墙效果的组件——光伏锦石,如图5所示:
图 5 具有木纹、大理石等效果的新一代高效光伏建材组件
Figure 5. A new generation of high-efficiency photovoltaic building materials with wood, marble and other patterns
1)高端:相对于传统建筑装饰材料更高档,颜色图案可以定制。
2)高效:特殊打印材料和工艺技术,相比其他装饰性光伏组件产品光透过率大大提升,保持全球最高的发电效率。
3)高性价比:1种产品、3种功能(外墙板材+建筑外装饰+光伏发电)。
这种特殊打印技术同时适用于各类晶硅与薄膜等光伏组件,长期稳定性好,比天然材料增加了光伏发电收益,如表1所示。以一幢位于上海的中型(12层)商务办公楼为例,建筑总表面积5 700 m2,光伏外墙安装总面积2 949 m2。预计安装光伏锦石组件,将比进口天然大理石,节省初始投资10万元~120万元,并通过发电额外节省用电成本540万元~814万元,二氧化碳减排3 921~5 322 t,共可节省投资及运营费用550万元~870万元(不含碳减排交易收益)。目前外墙BIPV市场尚处于蓝海,如果得到广泛的推广应用,将让建筑物从能耗和排放大户变为清洁能源发电厂,让建筑外墙成为蓝天下的油田。
表 1 光伏锦石部分性能与传统建筑外墙产品比较
Table 1. Comparison of partial performance of the photovoltaic patterned panel with traditional building exterior wall products
光伏锦石 天然石材 玻璃幕墙 金属幕墙 光污染 低 低 高 低 自重/(kg·m−2) 17~36 75~100 50~60 3~4 安全隐患 低 高 低 低 投资回报率 好 无 无 无 客户定制化 高 一般 一般 一般
From BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic) to BIPVES (Building Integrated Photovoltaic and Energy Storage)
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摘要:
目的 随着光伏、储能、新型建材及装配式建筑产业的发展,将光伏组件与屋面、墙体、遮阳等构件进行一体化设计与制造的光伏建筑一体化(Building Integrated Photovoltaic,BIPV)技术开始延伸为光伏储能建筑一体化(Building Integrated Photovoltaic and Energy Storge,BIPVES)技术。 方法 文章提出世界首个可充电水泥电池,将建筑墙体与光伏发电装置、储放电装置相融合;对设备和材料进行跨界创新,在玻璃表面打印高清晰度、高透光率花纹图案,制造高效光伏建材;研发预制式储能墙体,与各类钢结构装配式建筑体系进行结合,实现订制式生产、装配式施工,形成建筑构件与光伏、储能一体化的变革趋势。 结果 水泥基电池实现了建筑墙体具有光伏发电、储电以及供电等多种功能;新一代光伏建材可节省建筑外立面装饰材料的成本,降低建筑物碳排放;光伏和储能等可再生能源技术在建筑中的一体化集成,可取得最大化收益。 结论 新型光伏建材技术和水泥电池等新型储能技术具有发展前景,将可充电电池构件、光伏外墙板与装配式建筑墙体及预埋件进行组合集成并推广应用具有可行性。 -
关键词:
- 光伏建筑一体化(BIPV) /
- 可充电水泥电池 /
- 光伏储能建筑一体化(BIPVES) /
- 光伏外墙组件 /
- 新能源建筑
Abstract:Introduction With the development of photovoltaics, energy storage, new building materials and prefabricated construction industry, Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) technology which features the integrated design and manufacturing of photovoltaic modules with components such as roofs, walls and sunshades is evolving as Building Integrated Photovoltaic and Energy Storage (BIPVES) technology. Method The article proposed the world's first rechargeable cement-based battery, promoting the integration of building walls with photovoltaic power generation and storage and discharging devices. Cross-disciplinary innovation was applied to equipment and materials, where high-definition, high transmittance patterned designs were printed on glass surfaces to manufacture high-efficiency photovoltaic building materials. Prefabricated energy storage walls were developed and integrated with various steel-structure prefabricated building systems to achieve customized production and prefabricated construction, leading to a transformative trend of integrating building components with photovoltaics and energy storage. Result Cement-based batteries allow building walls to have multiple functions, including photovoltaic power generation, energy storage and power supply; The new generation of photovoltaic building materials helps save costs on building facade decoration materials and reduce building carbon emissions; The integration of photovoltaics, energy storage and renewable energy technologies in buildings can achieve maximum benefits. Conclusion The new photovoltaic building materials and new energy storage technologies such as cement-based batteries show promising prospects. Combining and integrating rechargeable battery components, photovoltaic exterior panels, prefabricated building walls and embedded parts for widespread application is feasible. -
表 1 光伏锦石部分性能与传统建筑外墙产品比较
Tab. 1. Comparison of partial performance of the photovoltaic patterned panel with traditional building exterior wall products
光伏锦石 天然石材 玻璃幕墙 金属幕墙 光污染 低 低 高 低 自重/(kg·m−2) 17~36 75~100 50~60 3~4 安全隐患 低 高 低 低 投资回报率 好 无 无 无 客户定制化 高 一般 一般 一般 -
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