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电化学储能技术在火电厂中的作用主要体现在改善火电厂自动发电控制(Automatic Generation Control,AGC)性能方面。牛阳等[7]对电化学储能技术在参与火电厂AGC性能调节时的情况进行了研究,结果表明,当一个全天参与AGC调频的火电机组中存在单一或混合型储能装置参与辅助调节时,能够有效提高火电厂的AGC性能,将机组的Kp值(调节性能综合评判指标)分别从2.6264提高至4.0266和5.628。
不仅如此,由于燃煤发电机组将一次能源转换成电能需要经历一系列复杂的过程,对有功功率调节响应速度较慢,导致机组在承担AGC调节任务时,制粉系统会出现负载升高、设备磨损严重、发电煤耗增高等一系列问题[8]。因此,有相当一部分电力企业选择火电储能联合调频技术来弥补上述缺陷,具体系统方案如图1所示。在该系统中,当调度控制中心发布调频指令后,储能装置能够通过自身快速充放电来辅助机组完成调频工作。储能装置可直接接入电厂变压器,不会增加机组运行风险。此外,在火电机组进行一次调频时,储能系统可通过快速辅助调频的方式避免机组到达自身调频死区,使频率快速趋于正常值的范围[9]。同时,引进储能系统参加调频还可有效改善火电机组的AGC调节精度,提高机组运行经济性。
图 1 储能参与辅助调频示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of energy storage participating in auxiliary frequency modulation
通常情况下,火电厂中储能系统应具备以下五个特点:(1)具备高可靠性、高安全性,保障电网/机组在正常或故障工况下的可靠运行,储能系统的运行及投切不影响机组本身正常运行等;(2)较高的充放电响应速度,可满足相关调频应用场景下短时大功率输出需求;(3)高循环寿命,可匹配系统频繁往复充放电需求;(4)高能量利用率,储能系统能量可用率应达到97%以上,整体能量转换效率高于90%;(5)高度集成化,占地面积小[10]。作为同时具备以上前提条件的储能技术之一,以及凭借相对成熟的技术水平,电化学储能技术逐渐被纳入火电厂调频应用场景中。山西省容量为9 MW/4.5 MWh的电网级电储能联合火电调频试点项目于2019年通过了并网性能和火储联合调频测试,实现投运。该项目采用的磷酸铁锂电池技术提高了机组的AGC调节性能,并且显著改善了电网调度能力[11]。华润电力控股有限公司润达电厂于2019年2月实现1号机组和2号机组同时投运AGC,其中储能联合机组的调频性能明显优于机组单独调频,且机组的调节深度得到了明显的提高[8]。莱城电厂在2021年投资建设储能调频电站,利用电化学储能调节速度快、精度高的优势,联合火电机组实时调整发电出力,使得发电侧出力和用户侧负荷达到实时平衡,为电网提供了优质高效的AGC调频辅助服务[10]。
电化学储能技术包括锂离子电池、钠硫电池、铅蓄电池、液流电池等,不同种类的电化学储能的优势特点不同,因此需要针对多样化的火电厂应用需求,对电化学储能技术进行甄别。当前最常见的电化学储能技术及其适用场景如表1所示。其中,锂离子电池具有功率和能量密度高、额定电压高等特点,是高性能的储能设备,适用于调峰调频要求较高的电厂;钠硫电池和铅蓄电池可实现大容量制造,属于能量型储能设备,适用于承担削峰填谷任务的电厂;液流电池得益于特殊的电池结构,具有较高的设计灵活性,且系统自动化程度高,能够根据特定的能量和功率需求进行规划设计,因此可承担电厂的电能储存和深度调峰等任务。此外,锂离子电池与液流电池的成本较高,设计使用时更需要考虑到电厂的生产成本。
表 1 电化学储能技术在火电厂项目中的应用
Table 1. Application of electrochemical energy storage technology in thermal power plant projects
化学储能技术分类 技术特点 火电厂中适用场景 参考文献 优势 劣势 锂离子电池 功率和能量密度高,额定电压高,自放电率低,绿色环保 成本高,需要保护电路防止过充或过放,安全性低 调峰调频,平滑功率曲线,削峰填谷 [12]
[13]钠硫电池 容量规模大,能量密度高,充放电效率高,寿命长,运行成本低,维护简单 安全性低,维持运行温度能耗高 削峰填谷等电力储能服务 [14] 铅蓄电池 放电电流大,电压平稳,容量规模大,安全性高,价格低廉 能量密度较小,体积大,不环保,寿命短,自放电大 削峰填谷等电力储能服务 [15]
[16]液流电池 响应速度快,充放电性能好,安全性较高,绿色环保,系统设计灵活性高 能量密度低,运行维护费用高,技术生产不稳定 大容量电能存储,辅助调峰调频 [17] 自2011年以来,我国电化学储能在火电厂的装机规模不断增加。2017年6月起,能源局发布《关于促进储能技术与产业发展的指导意见》,大力鼓励先进电化学储能技术的应用与研发。自此电化学储能装机规模急剧增加(如图2所示)。据中关村储能产业技术联盟(China Energy Storage Alliance,CNESA)的数据统计,近期规划或在建的电网侧电化学储能项目的总规模超过1.4 GWh,当前电化学储能技术在火电厂中的应用已处于商业化阶段,预计未来1~2 年电化学储能在火电厂中的应用还将迎来跨越式的发展[18]。
Research on Application of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technology in Thermal Power Plants
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摘要:
目的 火电厂耦合电化学储能设备是新能源电力高比例渗透下提高电力系统灵活调峰能力的可行解决路线。 方法 文章首先对电化学储能技术在火电厂中的作用和应用特点进行了介绍;然后对电化学储能技术特性进行了总结和归纳,对不同种类的电化学储能系统在不同应用目的和场景下适用性进行了分析,对现阶段电化学储能技术在火电厂中的应用情况及瓶颈进行了梳理;最后对电化学储能技术的发展方向进行展望。 结果 分析结果表明,虽然电化学储能技术在火电厂中的工程应用前景广阔,但仍在运行安全性、建设维护成本、材料回收等方面存在改进空间。 结论 运行策略优化、新型高性能材料开发以及设备安全与回收管理将成为未来阶段电化学储能技术参与火电调频应用过程中的主要发展方向。 Abstract:Introduction Coupling electrochemical energy storage equipment with thermal power plants is a feasible solution to improve the flexible peaking capacity of power system under the high proportion penetration of renewable energy power. Method The function and application characteristics of electrochemical energy storage technology in thermal power plants were introduced firstly. Then the characteristics of electrochemical energy storage technology were summarized and concluded. Meanwhile, the applicability of different types of electrochemical energy storage systems for different application purposes scenarios was analyzed. According to the current application and bottleneck of electrochemical energy storage technology in thermal power plants, the development direction of electrochemical energy storage technology is discussed. Finally, the development direction of electrochemical energy storage technology was prospected. Result According to the analysis results, although the electrochemical energy storage technology has a broad engineering application prospect in thermal power plants, there is still room for improvement in operation safety, construction and maintenance costs, material recovery, and other aspects. Conclusion Operation strategy optimization, development of new high-performance materials, and equipment safety and recycling management will become the main development directions of electrochemical energy storage technology participating in the application process of thermal power frequency modulation in the future. -
表 1 电化学储能技术在火电厂项目中的应用
Tab. 1. Application of electrochemical energy storage technology in thermal power plant projects
化学储能技术分类 技术特点 火电厂中适用场景 参考文献 优势 劣势 锂离子电池 功率和能量密度高,额定电压高,自放电率低,绿色环保 成本高,需要保护电路防止过充或过放,安全性低 调峰调频,平滑功率曲线,削峰填谷 [12]
[13]钠硫电池 容量规模大,能量密度高,充放电效率高,寿命长,运行成本低,维护简单 安全性低,维持运行温度能耗高 削峰填谷等电力储能服务 [14] 铅蓄电池 放电电流大,电压平稳,容量规模大,安全性高,价格低廉 能量密度较小,体积大,不环保,寿命短,自放电大 削峰填谷等电力储能服务 [15]
[16]液流电池 响应速度快,充放电性能好,安全性较高,绿色环保,系统设计灵活性高 能量密度低,运行维护费用高,技术生产不稳定 大容量电能存储,辅助调峰调频 [17] -
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