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CCUS主要技术示意图如图1[2]所示。CCUS包含捕集、运输、利用、封存4个技术环节,各环节都包含多种技术选择,其中捕集技术主要包括燃烧前捕集、燃烧中捕集与燃烧后捕集等。输送技术主要包括罐车运输、船舶运输和管道运输。利用技术根据工程技术手段的不同,可分为化工利用技术、生物利用技术和地质利用技术等。封存技术主要分为陆地或海底的咸水层封存、枯竭油气田封存等[2, 14-15]。
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CO2捕集是指电力、化工、钢铁、水泥等行业大型工业设备用能过程中产生CO2的分离和富集的技术[16]。根据捕集系统的技术基础与适用性,通常将CO2捕集技术分为3大类:燃烧前捕集技术、燃烧中捕集技术以及燃烧后捕集技术[2, 6, 17]。
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燃烧前捕集技术主要是在指化石燃料在燃烧前化学能的转移,主要适用于整体煤气化联合循环(Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle,IGCC)、天然气甲烷重整制氢等系统。以IGCC为例,该技术主要通过煤气化技术将煤转化为合成气,再经过水气变换后变为CO2和H2,气体压力和CO2浓度较高,可采用吸收法、吸附法、低温分馏法等对CO2进行捕集。该技术整体处于工业示范阶段,我国华能集团于2009年建设了天津IGCC电站示范工程。该工程2011年投产,捕集量达到10万t/a[18-20]。目前,燃烧前捕集技术的成本为70~230元/t,未来需要进一步开发高效捕集材料和节能工艺,以及通过部署大规模示范项目降低投资成本[6]。
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1)富氧燃烧技术
富氧燃烧技术就是用比通常空气含氧浓度高的富氧空气进行燃烧,结合烟气循环调节燃烧,获得较高浓度的CO2的烟气,适用于新建电厂、水泥厂等。富氧燃烧技术优点在于烟气CO2浓度高,因此分离过程能耗低。该技术整体处于工业示范阶段,华中科技大学于湖北应城进行了35 MW富氧燃烧碳捕集示范,2014年完成工程建设,CO2捕集量达到10万t/a,烟气CO2浓度>80%[6]。富氧燃烧技术的主要问题在于空分制冷的电耗很高,目前捕集成本约为380元/t,未来发展方向主要在于开发低能耗空分技术[6, 20-22]。
2)化学链燃烧技术
化学链燃烧是一种新型的碳捕集技术,该技术将传统的燃料与空气接触反应的燃烧分解为2个气固反应,利用载氧体将空气中的氧传递给燃料,直接产生高CO2浓度烟气,从而达到分离CO2的目的。具有捕集能耗低、系统效率高、CO2内分离等优点。未来发展方向在于开发高效载氧体、反应器,并进行系统效率优化等[23-25]。
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燃烧后捕集技术是指将CO2从燃料燃烧后的尾气中分离出来,适用的分离方法主要有化学吸收法、物理吸附法、膜分离法等[6, 26-29]。其中化学吸收法具备分离效果好、工艺易于放大等优势,适用于火电、水泥、钢铁等行业,在现阶段工业化应用中占据领先优势,目前我国已建成多个不同规模的燃烧后化学吸收法碳捕集示范项目,正在建设世界最大的燃煤电厂碳捕集项目——华能陇东正宁电厂150万t/a碳捕集项目[30]。燃烧后化学吸收法捕集成本为270~400元/t,目前主要面临再生能耗高(2.0~3.0 GJ/t),以及吸收剂损耗大等问题,未来研究需要进一步提升吸收剂性能以及优化节能工艺,降低能耗和运行成本[6, 31-33]。
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CO2罐车运输技术核心在于CO2运输储罐的设计和制造,相关技术已较为成熟。车辆运输主要适用于10万t/a以下的CO2运输,需要对CO2液化,一般罐车内CO2的温度和压力在−30 ℃~−20 ℃,1.7~2.0 MPa,运输成本为1~1.5元/(t·km)[6, 10]。
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CO2船舶运输是较为经济的运输方式,运输距离超过1 500 km时,成本可降至0.1元/(t·km)[6, 34-35]。目前国外已有CO2运输船投入使用,领先的制造商包括现代尾浦造船、大宇造船、三菱造船、新来岛造船等。我国大连造船正在建设7500 m3液态CO2运输船,江南造船也已拥有设计能力,未来发展方向在于突破大型液化CO2运输船设计建造等。
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管道运输是大规模CO2运输的最优选择,可分为气态输送、低温液态输送、密相输送和超临界输送,其中密相或超临界输送具有较高的输送效率以及经济优势[36-38]。国外已有长距离、大规模的CO2管道投运,我国处于示范阶段,2023年,国内首条大规模CO2运输管道——齐鲁石化-胜利油田CCUS示范项目CO2输送管道全线贯通,未来CO2运输管道将在我国逐步实现规模化应用。
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CO2化工利用是指将CO2通过化学转化合成目标产物,实现CO2资源化利用的过程,主要包含CO2制备化学品技术以及CO2矿化利用技术[6, 10]。前者主要通过热/光/电催化等将CO2转化制备成醇、烃、酯等一系列化学品,典型技术包括CO2加氢制甲醇、CO2加氢制甲烷、CO2重整制合成气等[39-41]。相关技术目前大多处于基础研究和工业示范阶段,主要面临催化剂成本高、反应转化率低等问题,随着催化技术的进步,CO2制备化学品的成本优势和减排潜力将迅速提升。后者是指通过天然矿物、工业材料和工业固废中钙、镁等碱性金属与CO2发生碳酸化反应生成稳定的碳酸盐,在碳减排的同时实现固废处置、联产高值化产品等[42-43]。典型技术包括钢渣矿化利用CO2、磷石膏矿化利用CO2、CO2矿化氧化混凝土等,主要处于工业示范阶段,发展方向主要在于降低过程能耗和提高利用效率[44-46]。
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CO2生物利用是指通过植物光合作用,将CO2转化为生物质从而实现资源化利用的技术,主要包括微藻利用技术和气肥利用技术[6]。前者通过微藻将CO2固定为碳水化合物,并进一步转化为生物燃料、食品添加剂等化学品[47-48],目前在国内处于研发示范阶段,已有数个万吨级微藻固碳示范项目。后者是指将CO2注入温室用于作物增产[49-50],目前经济可行性较低。
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CO2地质利用是指将CO2注入适宜的地层,通过驱替、置换、传热、化学反应等作用产生有价值的产品,同时实现CO2的封存[51-52]。主要包含强化石油开采和强化甲烷开采(天然气、煤层气、页岩气、可燃冰等)[6]。CO2强化石油开采(CO2-EOR)是目前最具商业化前景的技术,我国已完成大规模工业示范,典型项目包括齐鲁石化-胜利油田百万吨级CCUS示范项目、吉林油田CCUS示范工程等。CO2强化甲烷开采处于基础研发和中试阶段。
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CO2封存是将大型排放源产生的CO2捕获后运输到选定地点长期封存,不再释放到大气中,是缓解全球气候变暖最有效的技术之一。
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按照地质封存体的不同,可分为咸水层封存、枯竭油气藏封存等[2]。咸水层通常是指富含高浓度盐水(卤水)的地下深部的沉积岩层。该类地层在全球范围内分布广泛,饱含大量的水资源,但由于其地下水矿化度较大,不适合作为饮用水或农业用水,然而却是封存CO2的有利场所[53-54]。目前,我国已在鄂尔多斯进行了CO2咸水层封存10万吨级示范,海上30万吨级咸水层封存试验也已投产[55-56]。但我国咸水层封存技术研发与国际先进水平仍有一定差距,未来的发展方向在于CO2规模化封存,发展CO2海上封存。
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枯竭油气藏一般是指经过3次开采以后,已丧失开采价值的油气田。枯竭的油气藏具备完好的圈闭结构和相对稳定的地质条件,可以有效地封存CO2并限制CO2泄漏,具备较高的封存效率和安全性[10]。同时,油气勘探、开采过程中积累的丰富的地质资料和设备可为封存提供良好基础[56]。因此,将CO2封存到枯竭油气藏中已成为一种被广泛认同的、可行的碳封存技术。然而由于枯竭油气田残存的废弃油气井较多,也存在一定泄漏风险。目前枯竭油气田封存CO2项目仍很少。
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根据封存位置,可分为陆地封存和离岸封存。CO2离岸地质封存是将CO2通过船舶或管道运输到海上平台,注入到海底800~3000 m的咸水层、油气藏等深层地质结构体中[57]。其中,海底咸水层具有分布广、容量大、选择多等优势,是海洋封存的主要选择;油气藏通常具有资料基础好、完整性与封闭性确定、有生产配套设施可依托等优势,是未来开展大规模CO2封存的基础[58]。CO2离岸封存是不具备陆上封存条件的沿海地区实现碳减排的有效途径。相较于陆地封存,CO2海洋封存具有不占用土地,不影响地下水资源,远离居民区等优点,且除岩石盖层外,表层还有海水的压力和阻隔,因此封存的风险性大幅降低[56, 58]。
目前已有多个国家开展了CO2海洋封存项目实践工作,典型项目如表1[59]所示,主要分布在挪威、荷兰、英国、澳大利亚等国家的附近海域,封存地质体大多为海底咸水层,也包括油气藏[59]。2023年,我国首个离岸CO2封存示范工程——中国海油恩平15-1油田群CO2回注示范工程投入运行。
项目名称 国家及实施地点 封存量/106 t 地层注入深度/m 储层岩性 盖层岩性 封存方式 Sleipner 挪威北海 17.0 1 000 砂岩 页岩 咸水层封存 Snøhvit 挪威巴伦支海 1.1 2 500 砂岩 页岩 咸水层封存 Tomakomai 日本苫小牧近海 0.3 3 000 砂岩/火山岩 泥岩 咸水层封存 Gorgon 澳大利亚巴罗岛近海 55.0 2 300 砂岩 页岩 咸水层封存 White Rose 英国亨伯近海 54.0 1 020 砂岩 泥岩 咸水层封存 K12-B 荷兰北海 0.1 3 800 砂岩 蒸发岩 枯竭油气藏封存 Peterhead 英国北海 34.0 2 560 砂岩 页岩 枯竭油气藏封存 Lula 巴西里约热内卢近海 0.8 3 000 碳酸盐岩 泥岩 驱油封存
Development of CCUS Technology in the Context of Carbon Neutrality and Assessment of the Potential for Offshore Storage in Guangdong Province
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摘要:
目的 碳捕集利用与封存技术(CCUS)是实现碳中和的关键技术之一。广东沿海是我国开展二氧化碳(CO2)离岸封存项目的潜力区域。了解碳中和背景下CCUS技术发展现状,分析广东近海CO2封存潜力,有助于为未来我国开展大规模CCUS项目特别是离岸封存工程提供基础依据。 方法 文章综述了CCUS各环节的技术路线和发展趋势,探讨了广东近海珠江口盆地、北部湾盆地的CO2地质封存潜力,总结了我国CO2离岸封存面临的问题并提出相关建议。 结果 近年来,我国CCUS技术取得了较大进展,然而在运输、封存等环节的个别关键技术水平仍在研发示范阶段。珠江口盆地、北部湾盆地拥有巨大的CO2地质封存潜力,并且与广东沿海大型CO2排放源形成良好的源汇匹配关系,适宜开展CO2离岸封存项目。然而,我国离岸封存还面临技术不成熟、成本高、环境影响不明确、政策法规不完善等问题,需要从技术研发、项目集群布局、政策法规支持等方面推进,推动CO2离岸封存发展。 结论 未来我国应该加大对CCUS特别是离岸封存技术的研发和推广,为碳中和提供支撑。 Abstract:Introduction Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is one of the key technologies for achieving carbon neutrality. The coastal area of Guangdong Province is a potential area for offshore CO2 storage projects in China. Understanding the development status of CCUS technology in the context of carbon neutrality and analyzing the offshore CO2 storage potential in the coastal area of Guangdong Province are conducive to provide the basis for large-scale CCUS projects, especially the offshore storage projects in the future in China. Method The technical routes and development trends of all aspects of CCUS were summarized. The offshore geological storage potential of CO2 in the Pearl River Mouth Basin and the Beibu Gulf Basin off the coast of Guangdong Province was discussed. The problems of offshore CO2 storage in China were summarized, and relevant suggestions were put forward. Result In recent years, China has made significant progress in CCUS technology, but some key technologies in transportation and storage has been still at the R&D demonstration stage. The Pearl River Mouth Basin and the Beibu Gulf Basin have enormous geological storage potential of CO2 and an excellent matching relationship with large CO2 emission sources in the coastal area of Guangdong Province, making it an ideal locations for offshore CO2 storage projects. However, offshore CO2 storage still faces problems such as immature technology, high storage costs, uncertain environmental impacts, and inadequate policy and regulation frameworks in China. It is necessary to focus on technological development, promoting cluster projects, and improving policies and relevant regulations to advance the development of offshore CO2 storage. Conclusion In the future, China should strengthen research, development and promotion of CCUS, especially the offshore storage technology, to promote the progress of carbon neutrality. -
Key words:
- carbon neutrality /
- CCUS /
- offshore storage /
- CO2 /
- potential assessment
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项目名称 国家及实施地点 封存量/106 t 地层注入深度/m 储层岩性 盖层岩性 封存方式 Sleipner 挪威北海 17.0 1 000 砂岩 页岩 咸水层封存 Snøhvit 挪威巴伦支海 1.1 2 500 砂岩 页岩 咸水层封存 Tomakomai 日本苫小牧近海 0.3 3 000 砂岩/火山岩 泥岩 咸水层封存 Gorgon 澳大利亚巴罗岛近海 55.0 2 300 砂岩 页岩 咸水层封存 White Rose 英国亨伯近海 54.0 1 020 砂岩 泥岩 咸水层封存 K12-B 荷兰北海 0.1 3 800 砂岩 蒸发岩 枯竭油气藏封存 Peterhead 英国北海 34.0 2 560 砂岩 页岩 枯竭油气藏封存 Lula 巴西里约热内卢近海 0.8 3 000 碳酸盐岩 泥岩 驱油封存 -
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