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ZHU Qi, WANG Qin, HAN Yang, et al. Analysis of the influence of coil placement on pulsed eddy current detection [J]. Southern energy construction, 2024, 11(4): 137-143 doi:  10.16516/j.ceec.2024.4.14
Citation: ZHU Qi, WANG Qin, HAN Yang, et al. Analysis of the influence of coil placement on pulsed eddy current detection [J]. Southern energy construction, 2024, 11(4): 137-143 doi:  10.16516/j.ceec.2024.4.14

Analysis of the Influence of Coil Placement on Pulsed Eddy Current Detection

doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024.4.14
  • Received Date: 2023-05-06
  • Rev Recd Date: 2023-09-08
  • Available Online: 2024-07-12
  • Publish Date: 2024-07-31
  •   Introduction  In the nuclear power plant, the steam pipeline is generally installed with an insulation layer on the outer wall to improve heat transfer efficiency. Currently, the main detection means for ferromagnetic pipelines are conventional ultrasound and ultrasonic guided waves. Prior to the inspection, the insulation layer on the outer wall of the pipeline needs to be removed, leading to extended inspection time, increased labor costs, and an inability to meet the requirements for high-quality development in nuclear power plants. The application of the pulsed eddy current (PEC) technique for nuclear power plants can eliminate the need for insulation layer removal, enabling non-stop online screening. The defects testing by coil placement is an essential indicator of the PEC technique.   Method  In this paper, the modeling and simulation of the pipelines was conducted by applying ANSYS Maxwell, coaxial and vertical detection coils were designed respectively to simulate the detection capability of PEC on flat bottom defects with consistency in the lift-off distance, materials and other conditions. Sample pipes were selected from the nuclear power plant for coaxial and vertical PEC testing. The pulsed eddy current testing (PECT) results were cross-validated with ultrasonic thickness measurement, and the effects of two coil placement methods on PECT were compared.   Result  The results show that vertical coils are more effective in defect detection compared to coaxial coils.   Conclusion  The defects testing by coil placement has great significance for implementing PEC in the nuclear power sector.
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Analysis of the Influence of Coil Placement on Pulsed Eddy Current Detection

doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024.4.14

Abstract:   Introduction  In the nuclear power plant, the steam pipeline is generally installed with an insulation layer on the outer wall to improve heat transfer efficiency. Currently, the main detection means for ferromagnetic pipelines are conventional ultrasound and ultrasonic guided waves. Prior to the inspection, the insulation layer on the outer wall of the pipeline needs to be removed, leading to extended inspection time, increased labor costs, and an inability to meet the requirements for high-quality development in nuclear power plants. The application of the pulsed eddy current (PEC) technique for nuclear power plants can eliminate the need for insulation layer removal, enabling non-stop online screening. The defects testing by coil placement is an essential indicator of the PEC technique.   Method  In this paper, the modeling and simulation of the pipelines was conducted by applying ANSYS Maxwell, coaxial and vertical detection coils were designed respectively to simulate the detection capability of PEC on flat bottom defects with consistency in the lift-off distance, materials and other conditions. Sample pipes were selected from the nuclear power plant for coaxial and vertical PEC testing. The pulsed eddy current testing (PECT) results were cross-validated with ultrasonic thickness measurement, and the effects of two coil placement methods on PECT were compared.   Result  The results show that vertical coils are more effective in defect detection compared to coaxial coils.   Conclusion  The defects testing by coil placement has great significance for implementing PEC in the nuclear power sector.

ZHU Qi, WANG Qin, HAN Yang, et al. Analysis of the influence of coil placement on pulsed eddy current detection [J]. Southern energy construction, 2024, 11(4): 137-143 doi:  10.16516/j.ceec.2024.4.14
Citation: ZHU Qi, WANG Qin, HAN Yang, et al. Analysis of the influence of coil placement on pulsed eddy current detection [J]. Southern energy construction, 2024, 11(4): 137-143 doi:  10.16516/j.ceec.2024.4.14
    • 核电厂的承压设备管道在服役期间,会产生各种腐蚀、孔状缺陷,如遇高温高压,还会产生危险性极大的裂纹[1-2]。现阶段在检测此类腐蚀减薄缺陷时需要先拆除包覆层,不仅增加了管道检测的难度,还导致人力成本增加,经济效益减少。因此,需要1种新型无损检测手段来解决当前存在的问题。脉冲涡流法,可用于带包覆层铁磁管道壁厚的在役检测[3-5]。以脉冲电流激励代替正弦电流激励,在管壁内感应出脉冲涡流,通过检测此脉冲涡流电磁场的衰减过程,来评估管道壁厚的腐蚀程度[6]。磁导率、提离距离、检测线圈等因素均会影响脉冲涡流的检测精度。对于核电厂应用实施,线圈放置方式是影响现场检测质量的主要因素,线圈放置方向主要取决于线圈轴线相对于管道轴线的方向。研究线圈的放置方式对脉冲涡流的影响具有重要意义。

      国内外学者均对PECT技术进行了研究,Yang等[7]对线圈本身参数影响进行了实验及研究,实验验证了线圈本身阻抗以及尺寸参数的选择对脉冲涡流检测信号有较明显的影响,结果表明线圈高度和直径与检测信号的分辨率成负相关关系,即线圈高度和直径的减小可以有利于提高探头的检测能力。Dolabdjian等[8]对巨磁阻元件制作的传感器进行了改进,通过增加磁反馈电路使得巨磁阻元件的线性范围得以提高,与最常用的线圈传感器相比,经过改进后的传感器尺寸更小,空间分辨率更高。Tian等[9]对脉冲涡流热成像技术进行了相应的研究,研究发现此技术在通入不同的激励电流时可以检测出不同类型的缺陷,相较于脉冲涡流检测,脉冲涡流热成像对于裂纹缺陷的检出效果更佳,但依然存在无法对缺陷定量检测的问题,在实际应用过程中也会受到提离等相关因素的影响。Tumanski等[10]提出感应线圈通常测量的变量是磁感应强度的变化率,因此其对于高频信号的变化检测灵敏度较为敏感,而且线圈的制作成本和工艺最为经济便捷,是作为接收元件的首选。陈兴乐等[11-14]在此基础上分别以铁磁材料制作的平板和管道作为研究对象展开了研究。解社娟等[15]对有限元求解方法进行了改进,在有限元方法中加入插值的思想,减少了计算时间,取得了较为理想的结果。Tian等[16]对带有长条裂纹的检测模型进行求解,对模型进行仿真得到构件中的裂纹对每个谐波激励下的涡流响应,然后对其进行傅里叶叠加,将其整合成脉冲激励下涡流场的瞬态响应。燕芳等[17]利用Ansoft有限元分析了检测线圈上的电压随被测体厚度的变化规律,找出被测物体厚度与感应电压信号和过零信号特征值之间的对应关系。Anastassios Skarlatos和T.P. Theodoulidis[18]建立了带圆柱孔缺陷的非铁磁平板涡流检测模型,使用TREE法利用多个边界条件对模型进行了求解,使用有限元仿真及实验数据两种方法对解析解进行了验证,各结果间误差很小。张玉华等[19-20]利用有限元法建立了三维瞬态涡流问题的计算模型,对切向放置在平板导体上方的矩形线圈进行研究,结果表明激励线圈的尺寸变化会对导体内部的感应涡流流动模式产生影响。Tian等[21-23]人针对如何抑制提离效应的影响研究了1种新的脉冲涡流信号处理方法。

      上述学者针对脉冲涡流的线圈尺寸、信号处理及仿真建模进行了研究,对脉冲涡流的发展具有一定意义,但对于线圈放置方式的研究存在不足,线圈放置方式不同,得到的检测结果也存在差异,本文针对线圈放置方式对脉冲涡流检测的影响,进行了详细研究,采用ANSYS中的Maxwell模块进行管件建模,将长直管进行网格划分,设计同轴式与垂直式检测线圈,保持其他条件一致的情况下对比不同放置形式检测线圈对同一管道的检测结果。

    • 为增加仿真结果的可信度,模型选用与实际实验所用管道相同的参数进行搭建。其中,铁磁金属管道的尺寸和电磁参数如表1所示。

      管道参数 长度/mm 壁厚/mm 外直径/mm 相对磁导率 电导率/(S·m−1)
      取值 368 13 180 150 4×106

      Table 1.  Pipe dimensions and electromagnetic parameters

      在Maxwell中分别建立同轴式、垂直式单线圈无缺陷管道仿真模型,如图1图2所示。求解域尺寸为500 mm×300 mm×400 mm(长×宽×高),将模型完全包裹其中,由于包覆层多为不导电不导磁的绝缘物质构成,因此求解域内选择使用空气填充管道外部空间。线圈采用圆柱线圈的形式,由于核电厂在役管道包覆层厚度一般为60 mm,为了模拟测试结果更真实,建立提离高度为60 mm的脉冲涡流无损检测模型。其中,将提离高度定义为线圈探头边缘与管道外壁之间的最短距离。

      Figure 1.  Simulation model of coaxial single coil defect-free pipeline

      Figure 2.  Simulation model of vertical single coil defect-free pipeline

      为方便区分,激励线圈外观选择用绿色表示,检测线圈颜色选为红色。激励和检测线圈的参数如表2所示。

      线圈参数 匝数/个 内直径 外直径 提离高度 线圈高度
      检测线圈 900 36 38 60 15
      激励线圈 300 40 42 60 15

      Table 2.  Coil parameters mm

      由文献[12]可知,若铁磁材料的相对磁导率远大于1时,其涡流扩散时间常量为:

      $$ {\tau _{\text{d}}}{\text{ = }}\dfrac{{\mu \sigma {d^2}}}{{{{\text{π }}^2}}} $$ (1)

      根据式(1)计算可得,仿真模型中的涡流扩散时间常量为4.89 ms。在实际检测中,通常采用脉冲电流下降沿结束后的一段时间为研究对象,因此激励电流关断时刻为脉冲电流上升沿产生的涡流衰减到接近于0的时刻。由于脉冲涡流衰减规律为呈指数衰减,在4倍时间常数之后涡流幅值衰减为峰值的1.8%,可忽略其影响,脉冲持续时间取整后选为20 ms。脉冲激励电流选用梯形波,其中电流峰值取为1.5 A,上升沿和下降沿的持续时间均为2 ms,峰值持续时间为20 ms,波形如图3所示。

      Figure 3.  Excitation current waveform

      设置好激励电流后对模型进行网格剖分,网格剖分越精细所得结果可信度越高,但相应的仿真时间也会成倍增加。为在保证仿真结果可信度的基础上加快仿真速度,本文将仿真模型分为两部分,由于涡流主要分布于线圈探头正下方管道,因此对这部分管道进行精密剖分,设置其网格最大边长为4 mm,其余部分管道剖分单元最大长度为10 mm,网格剖分效果如图4所示。

      Figure 4.  Grid generation effect

    • 设置仿真步长为0.025 ms,通过ANSYS仿真得到实验结果。取仿真时间为26 ms时刻的模型作为研究对象,画出管道表面涡流分布图,如图5图6所示。

      Figure 5.  Eddy current distribution diagram on the surface of coaxial coil pipeline

      Figure 6.  Eddy current distribution diagram on the surface of vertical coil pipeline

      图5图6可以看出,同轴式线圈涡流峰值分布形状大致是1个半径大于激励线圈半径的圆环,在检测时当缺陷位于涡流峰值处,即位于激励线圈边缘正下方时刻,检测线圈接收到的缺陷信号的变化最为明显。垂直式线圈在管道中产生的涡流峰值集中于线圈正下方并沿管道轴向呈椭圆形分布,相较于同轴式单线圈探头,这种线圈放置方式下可以有效抑制管道中涡流沿周向扩散,即涡流在周向方向的集中效果较为明显。根据以上信息,建立带缺陷管道模型,分别验证每种线圈放置方式下减薄缺陷的检测效果,缺陷的规格为直径32 mm,深度为5 mm的平底孔,位于激励线圈的正下方,带缺陷管道模型以及缺陷位置如图7图8所示。

      Figure 7.  Model of pipeline with defects and schematic diagram of defect location in vertical single coil probe mode

      Figure 8.  Model of pipeline with defects and schematic diagram of defect location in coaxial single coil probe mode

      对带缺陷模型进行仿真后,将垂直式线圈无缺陷管道模型的感应电压与带缺陷管道模型的感应电压进行对比,对比结果如图9所示。

      Figure 9.  The effect of defects on induced voltage signals

      设置相同的边界条件,对比不同放置方式的单线圈探头对相同规格样管的脉冲涡流仿真结果,当激励线圈和检测线圈分别采用线圈轴线沿管道径向法线方向(即同轴式单线圈探头的放置方式)、线圈轴线与管道轴线平行以及线圈轴线沿管道圆周方向这3种不同的放置方式时,在11 ms时刻管道内3种放置方式的涡流分布如图10所示。

      Figure 10.  Eddy current distribution at a given time under different coil placement modes

      虽然垂直式单激励线圈探头对缺陷的检测能力相较于同轴式探头有提高,但提高效果并不是十分明显。主要原因有两点:垂直式单激励线圈探头虽然在周向方向上对于涡流分布有较好的集中效果,但在轴向方向上对涡流有效区域的集中效果较差,与同轴式单激励线圈探头基本一致;垂直式单激励线圈探头的检测线圈与管道的耦合程度不如同轴式单线圈探头,所采集的感应电压信号幅值小于同轴式单线圈探头,因此检测能力并未有大幅提高。

    • 选取直径180 mm,12 mm厚的20#钢阶梯样管为检测对象,将保温层厚度设定为150 mm,铝皮厚度为0.5 mm,用垂直式线圈探头分别对A0、A1两处检测点进行检测,其中在A1位置处加工缺陷直径为32 mm的平底孔,深度为5 mm,将得到的壁厚检测结果与超声测厚结果记录到表3中。

      相对壁厚 均值 超声测厚 误差
      A0 100.8 99.7 99.3 99.9 100.8 99.9 100
      A1 87.8 88.7 88.8 86.5 90.9 88.5 90.1 1.6
      注:A0−标定点;A1−标检测点。

      Table 3.  Comparison of pulse eddy current and ultrasonic thickness measurement at 150 mm insulation layer mm 

      将保温层厚度设定在100 mm,带0.5 mm铝皮,用探头对A0、A1两处检测点进行检测,得到的壁厚结果,如表4所示。

      相对壁厚/% 均值 超声测厚 误差
      A0 99.2 100.8 99.8 99.5 99.6 100 100
      A1 91.2 90.7 88.7 92.6 87.8 90.1 90.1 0
      注:A0−标标定点;A1−标检测点。

      Table 4.  Comparison of pulse eddy current and ultrasonic thickness measurement at 100 mm insulation layer mm 

      上述实验结果对比可知,相同条件下,当提离距离增大,脉冲涡流对加工缺陷的检测分辨率降低,且随着提离距离增加,脉冲涡流所测数据与超声测厚数据存在较大误差,实验结果与仿真结果基本一致。

      选取直径180 mm,12 mm厚的20#钢阶梯样管为检测对象,将保温层厚度设定为150 mm,铝皮厚度为0.5 mm,采用同轴式线圈探头分别对A0、A1两处检测点进行检测,其中在A1位置处加工缺陷直径为32 mm的平底孔,深度为5 mm,将得到的壁厚检测结果与超声测厚结果记录到表5中。

      相对壁厚/% 均值 超声测厚 误差
      A0 99.3 98 98.8 99.8 98.7 98.8 100
      A1 77.6 76.3 77.4 75.9 76.7 76.5 73.2 4.2
      注:A0−标定点;A1−检测点。

      Table 5.  Comparison of pulse eddy current and ultrasonic thickness measurement at 150 mm insulation layer mm 

      保持其他条件不变,采用同轴式线圈探头所得结果与垂直式线圈探头相比,PECT检测数据及超声测厚数据均存在较大误差,这是由于同轴式线圈在管道产生的涡流环面积较大,无法进行有效聚焦,相对于垂直式线圈而言,无法对缺陷进行精准识别及检测,所得结论与ANSYS仿真结果相吻合。

    • 本文利用ANSYS中的Maxwell模块进行管件建模及仿真,分别设计同轴式、垂直式检测线圈并在保持其他条件一致情况下模拟脉冲涡流对平底缺陷的检测能力。验证了垂直式线圈的检测聚焦面积优于同轴式检测线圈,检测精度更高。同时选取核电厂样管进行垂直式、同轴式线圈脉冲涡流实验,将PECT测试结果与超声测厚数据进行复核,验证了模拟仿真结果的准确性。本文对脉冲涡流检测线圈的放置方式进行了系统研究,对两种放置方式的检测线圈进行模拟及验证,实际结果与模拟结果基本一致,为核电厂管道不同规格及工况条件下,检测线圈的选用提供了技术参考。

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