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Lei CHEN, Fang GUO. Study on the Fault Ride-through Capability of High Penetration Micro-grid Considering Coordinated Control of Fault Current Limiter and Energy Storage[J]. SOUTHERN ENERGY CONSTRUCTION, 2015, 2(2): 20-27. doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2015.02.004
Citation: Lei CHEN, Fang GUO. Study on the Fault Ride-through Capability of High Penetration Micro-grid Considering Coordinated Control of Fault Current Limiter and Energy Storage[J]. SOUTHERN ENERGY CONSTRUCTION, 2015, 2(2): 20-27. doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2015.02.004

Study on the Fault Ride-through Capability of High Penetration Micro-grid Considering Coordinated Control of Fault Current Limiter and Energy Storage

doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2015.02.004
  • Received Date: 2015-01-01
  • Publish Date: 2015-06-25
  • In the case of that a micro-grid with high penetration of renewable resources is accessed into a power distribution network, the micro-grid's treatment mode and transient performance under the short-circuit fault condition will affect the power distribution network's operation characteristics dramatically. This paper analyzes the micro-grid's treatment modes corresponding to different fault locations, and proposes a technical idea considering the coordinated control of the fault current limiter and energy storage allocated inside the micro-grid. It is expected to actively strengthen the micro-grid's fault ride-through(FRT) capability as far as possible. And for some specific faults, the micro-grid should disconnect from the main network, and the coordinated control strategy can make the micro-grid implement a smooth transition between its grid-connected and islanded modes. Besides, directing at the some key issues related to the micro-grid's fault ride-through capability, the survey of research situation at home and abroad is carried out. At last, a typical micro-grid system is selected, and the simulation analysis is done to verify the effectiveness of the coordinated control.
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Study on the Fault Ride-through Capability of High Penetration Micro-grid Considering Coordinated Control of Fault Current Limiter and Energy Storage

doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2015.02.004

Abstract: In the case of that a micro-grid with high penetration of renewable resources is accessed into a power distribution network, the micro-grid's treatment mode and transient performance under the short-circuit fault condition will affect the power distribution network's operation characteristics dramatically. This paper analyzes the micro-grid's treatment modes corresponding to different fault locations, and proposes a technical idea considering the coordinated control of the fault current limiter and energy storage allocated inside the micro-grid. It is expected to actively strengthen the micro-grid's fault ride-through(FRT) capability as far as possible. And for some specific faults, the micro-grid should disconnect from the main network, and the coordinated control strategy can make the micro-grid implement a smooth transition between its grid-connected and islanded modes. Besides, directing at the some key issues related to the micro-grid's fault ride-through capability, the survey of research situation at home and abroad is carried out. At last, a typical micro-grid system is selected, and the simulation analysis is done to verify the effectiveness of the coordinated control.

Lei CHEN, Fang GUO. Study on the Fault Ride-through Capability of High Penetration Micro-grid Considering Coordinated Control of Fault Current Limiter and Energy Storage[J]. SOUTHERN ENERGY CONSTRUCTION, 2015, 2(2): 20-27. doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2015.02.004
Citation: Lei CHEN, Fang GUO. Study on the Fault Ride-through Capability of High Penetration Micro-grid Considering Coordinated Control of Fault Current Limiter and Energy Storage[J]. SOUTHERN ENERGY CONSTRUCTION, 2015, 2(2): 20-27. doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2015.02.004
  • 在能源需求与环境保护的双重压力下,国内外都将目光投向可再生能源分布式发电(Distributed Generation,DG)研究领域,构建可持续能源系统成为各国的共识与必然发展趋势[1-2]。作为集中式发电的有效补充,分布式发电技术正得到越来越广泛的应用,而日益增多的各种分布式电源并网也对电力系统运行提出了更大的挑战。现有研究和实践结果表明[3-5],将风力发电、太阳能光伏、燃料电池等DG连接储能装置及负荷组成微电网形式运行,可充分发挥可再生能源发电的效能与优势,有助于电网灾变时向重要负荷持续稳定供电,避免间歇式电源的功率波动对外部配电网及周边用户电能质量的直接影响,具有良好的推广价值及极强的现实意义。自2013年9月起,中国正式启动创建100座“新能源示范城市”,微电网面临良好的发展机遇,在“十二五”期间,微电网的市场规模年均增长率约为8%左右。微电网的高渗透率接入已受到越来越多的关注。

    事实上,当微电网以高渗透率形式(通常意义上指交换功率的比例超过配电网容量的10%[6])接入到主网络时,微电网将对相连配电网的运行特性产生重要影响,特别是在发生短路故障时,微电网的应对处理方式将直接影响到配电网的动态特性,如何保障故障情况下高渗透微电网与配电网的安全可靠运行是微电网发展的关键问题之一。

  • 图1为某系统级微电网接入配电网的典型结构示意图,该结构适用于接入大规模DG,负荷与DG以公共耦合点(Point of Common Coupling,PCC)的形式存在于微电网。当短路故障点位于微电网内部时,例如F1位置,可由外部配电网提供足够大的短路电流,微电网内部保护准确动作以快速隔离故障区域,使得微电网和配电网能够持续保持连接,实现故障穿越运行[7]

    Figure 1.  Sketch Map of a System-level Micro-grid Connected to the Main Network.

    当短路故障发生在微电网外部时,微电网究竟应作故障穿越还是孤岛运行,目前学术界和工程实际中均未有明确的处理策略和解决方案。IEEE 1 547标准规定了分布式电源应对主网故障时的退出条件,但是分布式电源以微电网的形式并网后,情况出现了较大差异[8-9]。若发生任意外部故障就触动PCC联络线上的开关以隔离微电网,对微电网运行的可靠性和灵活性无疑会带来负面影响,并且在某种意义上也不符合组建微电网的初衷。

    1)故障发生在PCC联络线上,例如F2位置。出于保护切除短路故障的需要,必须将微电网从主系统中分离出来[10]。在微电网切换至孤岛运行的过程中,应保证并网与离网之间暂态过渡的平稳性。

    2)故障发生在配电系统侧。当微电网接入的上级线路发生故障时,例如F3位置,为防止微电网对重合闸造成冲击并考虑非同期合闸等问题,初步可作孤岛运行处理。若故障出现在其他位置,例如F4、F5位置,此时决定微电网故障穿越或孤岛运行的主导因素应为:微电网与主系统之间的功率交换量。就高渗透微电网而言,从提高可再生能源的利用率出发[11-12],计及在故障情况下其对配电网的电源支持,并有利于避免电网功率缺额的进一步扩大,辅助此类微电网实现故障穿越对系统安全可靠运行是有益处的。

    故障限流器(Fault Current Limiter,FCL)是目前常用于提高电网系统及其电源设备故障穿越能力的辅助装置[13-14],而在包含高渗透微电网的配电网中应用FCL时,对限流率的要求有别于大电网系统中需将10~20倍的短路电流降低在断路器遮断容量之下。微电网通常由占比成分较高的逆变器型DG组成,或包含一定比例的直接并网型DG,在短路时尽管冲击系数不高,但故障电流峰值可达到几十kA的水平[15]。考虑到限流器安装于微电网与配电网的PCC联络线处时,除可降低微电网供给的短路电流外,还能抑制因外部故障导致的PCC电压跌落,从而提升微电网内部DG的低电压穿越能力,在成本经济合理和技术方案可行的情况下,应用一种经济型限流器将更具备实用性和推广性。李庆民等(2011)曾对经济型限流器的内涵做了定义[16],其泛指非电力电子式、非超导式的故障限流技术方案。随着当前功率器件及高温超导材料造价的进一步下降,适当使用混合型材料组建FCL,在可控成本内也应将其归结到经济型限流器的范畴。

    此外,微电网内部通常配置有储能装置,其基本用途包括有:提供短时供电、电力调峰、提升微电源性能等,并在平抑微电网内部功率波动、提高电能质量水平上有很强的功效[17-18]。当经济型故障限流技术应用于高渗透微电网后,可进一步联同储能系统开展协调控制研究,深化融合限流-储能的技术优势,兼顾其双方所长,这对于强化高渗透微电网与配电网在故障工况下的供电可靠性及运行稳定性无疑会起到更为有效的功效。

    限流-储能的协调控制的主旨理念:期望在限制故障电流幅值、减小耦合点电压跌落的同时,也在平抑功率波动和提高电能质量方面起到积极作用。从而,使得微电网在无需孤岛运行时因暂态性能满足技术要求而实现故障穿越;当微电网应转为孤岛运行时,限流-储能的协调有助于降低PCC开关动作时引起的冲击振荡,并实现微电网并网/孤岛间平稳的暂态过渡,此时故障限流器需同联络线保护的动作方式和定值相配合,保证其可靠识别外部故障不拒动。从提升高渗透微电网应对外部短路故障的灵动性而言,限流-储能的协调将发挥更为完善的辅助作用。

  • 据《2012-2016年中国微电网行业深度调研与可行性分析报告》显示,当前针对微电网的研究总体还处于探索攻坚阶段,且多围绕于微电网的经济运行、优化调度、并网控制及保护配合等层面开展相关工作,关于限流技术在微电网的应用刚刚起步,未见公开资料研究限流-储能协调技术以提高微电网的故障穿越特性及其在转孤岛运行时的暂态性能。通过对可查文献的调研及梳理,本文分别从高渗透微电网的故障穿越、限流技术应用及其与储能系统的协调配合等三个方面,对国内外研究现况进行概述。

  • 针对于微电网以高渗透率形式接入配电网所引发的相关问题,已有研究成果多集中于含微电网的配电网稳定性分析及微电网优化调度模型的建立等方面[19-21],至于高渗透微电网的故障穿越问题研究还处于探索阶段。文献[22]曾简要阐述了微电网在故障工况下穿越或孤岛运行的大体准则,并就相关保护配置方法进行了改进,但并未给出一种有效的措施手段以辅助微电网实现故障穿越或提高其孤岛运行时的暂态性能。

    尽管当前面向微电网的故障穿越研究较为缺乏,但是针对风电、光伏等逆变器接入型DG的故障(低电压)穿越特性已开展了大量工作,可做一定的参考和借鉴。国内外专家学者所使用的技术手段大致可归纳为软件法和硬件法,前者依赖于对变流器控制策略的改善[23-24],可带来一定的积极效应,然而对于严重故障下的性能强化作用较为有限;后者则通过在回路中装设crowbar电阻、快速储能、故障限流器等硬件辅助设备[25-28],实现在故障暂态期间抑制电压降落和减小输出功率波动。本课题组(2014)曾研究了磁通耦合型限流器对双馈风机故障穿越特性的影响[29],考虑将限流器分别安装于双馈风机的转子侧或定子侧,并进行理论推导与仿真分析,验证了限流器应用的可行性。

  • 围绕限流技术在微电网中的应用,国内学者目前开展了较为基础的理论分析和仿真建模研究。相比而言,国外针对微电网的故障限流研究已取得了一些有益成果,重点集中在限流实现机理、保护配合及优化选址等方面。

    山东大学电气工程学院的学者(2011)建立了包含电感型故障限流器的微电网简化模型,计及运行模式及短路类型、发生地点的不同,仿真分析了含限流器的微电网故障暂态特性[30],研究结果表明:限流器的应用可帮助微电网在故障发生后较迅速地过渡至稳定运行状态,为微电网的故障暂态抑制提供了一种可行的应对措施。Majid Ebrahimpour等(2013)提出在微电网装设一种混合型超导限流器[31],研究结果表明:此混合型超导限流器可灵活有效地处理不同短路故障工况,并避免因故障限流率过高而对继电保护带来的不利影响。然而,上述文献中涉及的微电网模型过于简化,同步型DG占比过高且未考虑储能系统的相关控制效应。

    Teymoor Ghanbari等(2012,2013)提出了一种适用微电网的新型固态限流器,该限流器具备自控制和外部控制两种模式,通过在电磁暂态仿真程序中模拟其动作特性与限流表现,表明其响应速度快、限流效果明显,在某种程度上可解决微电网与配电网之间的保护配合问题[32-33]。此外,Teymoor Ghanbari等(2014)还设计了一种基于多Agent的故障限流方案[34],通过多代理技术快速定位微电网系统故障,并利用限流器进行最小区域的故障隔离,但示例方案中限流器的装设数量过多,未能较全面地考虑经济成本因素。U.A. Khan等(2011,2013)基于枚举法及仿真工具研究了电阻型超导限流器在交直流混合微电网中的优化布局问题,其结论说明:合适的布局位置及合理的安装数量能最大程度地提升限流器在微电网中的实用性[35-36]。本课题组(2014)曾提议在含多DG的配电网中应用电压补偿型有源限流器,该型限流器不仅可快速抑制短路电流,还能够降低故障过电压[37]

    总体而言,当前研究工作中多将限流器的应用对象设定为含简单DG的小型微电网系统,以单点PCC微电网为主,没有涉及DG控制策略、储能协调的详细考虑;限流选型上一般沿用于原有装设在大电网的FCL,其应用于微电网的技术经济性有待深入论证;未计及限流-储能技术对微电网的故障穿越问题开展针对性的研究。

  • 中国科学院电工研究所(2007)曾试制了一套超导限流-磁储能系统[38],其集成了超导磁储能及桥路型超导故障限流器。郭文勇等(2012)将该集成系统应用于提高双馈风机的低电压穿越特性,表明其具有很强的适用性[39]。不同于前者在装置硬件上的物理融合,国外学者着重于挖掘限流器和储能装置在动作行为上的协调作用。

    Ngamroo I等(2012-2014)以电阻型超导限流器及超导磁储能系统为对象研究协调控制理论,通过选择不同的应用场合及分别开展仿真验证,发现两者协同作用除可提高分布式电源的故障穿越特性外,还能够明显提升大电网系统的暂态稳定性[40-42]。本课题组(2014)曾在某简单微电网模型下,初步考虑钇钡铜氧(YBCO)电阻型超导限流器与单一储能装置相协调,以提高微电网故障下的暂态特性,亦得到了较好的成效[43]。以上研究可在一定意义上表明,研发及应用限流-储能协调控制技术对于处理电网故障下的暂态问题无疑提供了一条更有效的解决途径。

  • 本文以某简单风储微电网为对象,装设应用一种磁通耦合型故障限流器,并与微电网内配置的超级电容储能开展主动式协调控制,以此验证限流-储能协调控制在强化微电网暂态性能的有效性与可行性。

    图2为基于快速开关的磁通耦合型限流器示意图[44-47]。该型限流器由耦合变压器(Coupling transformer)、超导线圈(Superconducting coil,SC)及快速开关组成。在正常情况下,快速开关为闭合状态,因耦合变压器的双绕组呈反向连接,磁通相互抵消使得其呈现无感耦合特性,且超导线圈为零电阻状态,限流器对系统运行无影响。在发生故障后,触发快速开关动作以解耦磁路连接,且超导线圈因通流超过临界电流值而失超,限流阻抗串入主回路对故障电流进行抑制。

    Figure 2.  Structure of the Modified Flux-Coupling Type SFCL.

    图3所示为故障限流器在某简单风储微电网中的应用示意图。在微电网故障情况下,限流器的动作信息(诸如快速开关的跳闸指令,同时可融合超导线圈的失超动作信号)将立即或经延迟后触发至储能控制器,使得储能系统执行P-Q/V-f模式转换,控制原理如图4所示,其中G1、G3逻辑开关用于实现P-Q控制,G2、G4用于实现V-f控制。仿真参数如表1所示。

    Figure 3.  Schematic Diagram of a Typical Micro-Grid System Connected to the Main Network Through the SFCL

    Figure 4.  Basic Control Block Diagram of the Energy Storage Device in Consideration of the SFCL′S Action Status

    Demonstrated Micro-grid System
    储能系统 1 000 Ah
    同步发电机 50 kW
    风电 260 kW
    负载1/负载2 350 kW/ 150 kW
    电压/频率 0.4 kV/ 50 Hz
    Modified Flux-coupling Type SFCL
    变比(L1/L2) 1
    耦合系数 0.99
    二次侧电感 15 mH
    超导线圈电阻RSC 2 Ω

    Table 1.  Main Simulation Parameters of The System Model and the SFCL

    为检验所述限流-储能协调方法的有效性,针对微电网发生不同位置的外部短路故障,分别开展了电磁暂态仿真分析,出于简化考虑,本次仿真中的限流信号未经延迟处理,而直接送至储能变流器。如图5图8所示,给出了PCC点电压电流、分布式电源的输出功率与微电网频率特性。

    Figure 5.  PCC Characteristics of the Micro-grid System Under the K1 Point Grounded

    Figure 6.  Power Output Characteristics of the Energy Storage and Wind Generation Under The K1 Point Grounded

    Figure 7.  PCC Characteristics of the Micro-grid System Under the K2 Point Grounded

    Figure 8.  Power-frequency Characteristics of the Micro-grid System Under the K2 Point Grounded

    结果表明,限流器和储能系统的协同作用可明显地提高微电网在短路故障工况下的暂态性能,具体表现为:降低PCC联络线上的短路电流,改善PCC点的电压跌落,减少网内功率波动(缺额),抑制频率振荡的幅度,提升微电网电能质量水平。从而,在F1点故障下,尽可能地辅助微电网实现故障穿越运行;在F2点故障下,微电网需转为孤岛运行,限流-储能协调动作可保障微电网在并网/孤岛间的平稳暂态过渡。需注意的是,考虑到PCC过流保护动作的快速性及可靠性,关于故障限流率的选取与保护动作方式和具体定值的配合,后续会开展深入研究。

  • 如何系统地诠释高渗透微电网的故障特性及其对配电网稳定运行的影响,明确不同短路工况下微电网故障隔离的基本原则和实用判据,并提供一种切实可行的技术方案来提高微电网在故障穿越及切换至孤岛运行时的暂态性能,对保障高渗透微电网及其所接入配电网的安全可靠运行具有重要意义。

    本文提出了一种结合故障限流器与储能装置的协调控制理念,以期使得微电网在无需孤岛运行时因暂态性能满足技术要求而实现故障穿越;当微电网应转为孤岛运行时,限流-储能的协调有助于降低PCC开关动作时引起的冲击振荡,并实现微电网并网/孤岛间平稳的暂态过渡。相信随着研究工作的进一步开展和深入,研究成果将有力地促进分布式发电和微电网的技术发展,为今后可再生能源的规模化应用奠定坚实的基础。

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