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Haizhou LIN, Hui YANG, Haizhong LUO, Aiguo PEI, Mengxiang FANG. Research Progress on Amine Absorbent for CO2 Capture from Flue Gas[J]. SOUTHERN ENERGY CONSTRUCTION, 2019, 6(1): 16-21. doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2019.01.003
Citation: Haizhou LIN, Hui YANG, Haizhong LUO, Aiguo PEI, Mengxiang FANG. Research Progress on Amine Absorbent for CO2 Capture from Flue Gas[J]. SOUTHERN ENERGY CONSTRUCTION, 2019, 6(1): 16-21. doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2019.01.003

Research Progress on Amine Absorbent for CO2 Capture from Flue Gas

doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2019.01.003
  • Received Date: 2018-12-10
  • Rev Recd Date: 2019-01-22
  • Publish Date: 2020-07-11
  •   [Introduction]  Chemical absorption based on amines is the most mature technology for post-combustion CO2 capture. However, this technology has the drawback of high energy cost, and developing new amine absorbent as an alternative of monoethanolamine (MEA) solution will be an important method to deal with this problem.  [Method]  In this review, the amine absorbent was classified into four categories according to the compositions, namely single amine absorbent, blended amine absorbent, phase-change amine absorbent and water-lean amine absorbent. The technological characteristics and research situation of these absorbents were introduced.  [Result]  The blended amines combine the advantages of different single amine, showing good CO2 capture performance with high reaction rate, high absorption capacity and low energy cost. Phase-change amine absorbent and water-lean amine absorbent are the new generation of absorbents, which have great potential, but still need to be further studied and improved.  [Conclusion]  Therefore, blended amine is a more mature solvent which has better advantages in industrial application in the near term.
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Research Progress on Amine Absorbent for CO2 Capture from Flue Gas

doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2019.01.003

Abstract:   [Introduction]  Chemical absorption based on amines is the most mature technology for post-combustion CO2 capture. However, this technology has the drawback of high energy cost, and developing new amine absorbent as an alternative of monoethanolamine (MEA) solution will be an important method to deal with this problem.  [Method]  In this review, the amine absorbent was classified into four categories according to the compositions, namely single amine absorbent, blended amine absorbent, phase-change amine absorbent and water-lean amine absorbent. The technological characteristics and research situation of these absorbents were introduced.  [Result]  The blended amines combine the advantages of different single amine, showing good CO2 capture performance with high reaction rate, high absorption capacity and low energy cost. Phase-change amine absorbent and water-lean amine absorbent are the new generation of absorbents, which have great potential, but still need to be further studied and improved.  [Conclusion]  Therefore, blended amine is a more mature solvent which has better advantages in industrial application in the near term.

Haizhou LIN, Hui YANG, Haizhong LUO, Aiguo PEI, Mengxiang FANG. Research Progress on Amine Absorbent for CO2 Capture from Flue Gas[J]. SOUTHERN ENERGY CONSTRUCTION, 2019, 6(1): 16-21. doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2019.01.003
Citation: Haizhou LIN, Hui YANG, Haizhong LUO, Aiguo PEI, Mengxiang FANG. Research Progress on Amine Absorbent for CO2 Capture from Flue Gas[J]. SOUTHERN ENERGY CONSTRUCTION, 2019, 6(1): 16-21. doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2019.01.003
  • 我国是能源消费大国,2015年一次能源消费总量达到43亿tce,其中化石能源占比达到88%[1]。大量化石能源的利用使我国成为目前碳排放量最大的国家,2015年碳排放量达到91亿t,占世界总量的27.3%[2]。2015年联合国气候大会上,我国向联合国提交“国家自主决定贡献”:CO2排放在2030年左右达到峰值,单位GDP CO2排放比2005年下降60%~65%[3]。国家能源局发布的《能源发展“十三五”规划》要求在“十三五”期间CO2排放强度大幅降低,到2020年单位GDP碳排放相比2015年下降18%[1]。因此,我国面临严峻的CO2减排压力。由于我国的资源禀赋决定了我国的能源结构是以煤炭为主导地位。2015年我国煤炭消费总量占总能源消费的64%,达到39.6亿t原煤,而这其中电煤占比达到49%[1],这使得煤电行业成为目前我国最大的CO2排放源。为履行我国碳减排的承诺和责任,煤电行业必将承担起重要的角色。

  • 在众多燃烧后烟气CO2捕集技术中,以有机胺为吸收剂的碳捕集工艺是目前最成熟也是工业化应用最多的技术[4,5]。典型的胺液化学吸收法碳捕集工艺流程如图1所示[6]。经除尘、脱硫和初步冷却等预处理后的烟气进入吸收塔内,与塔顶喷淋下来的吸收剂贫CO2溶液(简称贫液)逆相接触反应,其中脱碳后烟气从吸收塔上部排出,而吸收了CO2的吸收剂富CO2吸收液(简称富液)经贫富液热交换器与热贫液进行热交换后,被送入解吸塔中再生。产品气CO2经冷凝和干燥脱水后进行压缩,以利于后续的存储运输。而解吸塔底的贫液则经过贫富液换热器换热和贫液冷却器冷却到所需的温度后重新喷入吸收塔中,从而实现系统的循环。

    Figure 1.  Typical system process flowsheet of CO2 capture from flue gas by amine chemical absorption

    上世纪30年代有机胺吸收法便出现并逐渐发展成为工业气体净化的主要方法之一。对于烟气CO2捕集,以乙醇胺MEA作为吸收剂具有吸收效果好、成本低、吸收剂可循环使用并且产品纯度较高的特点。目前,MEA吸收剂被视为基准吸收剂,并广泛用于中试和工业示范性装置中,其脱碳效率可超过90%[4]。尽管如此,基于MEA的化学吸收法在商业大规模推广应用仍存在明显的限制,其中最主要的原因之一是运行能耗太高,会导致电厂发电净效率降低约10%,其中吸收剂的再生能耗占到整个系统能耗的70%左右。此外,MEA吸收剂在运行过程中还存在由于氧化和降解等因素导致损耗过大的问题。据挪威TCM碳捕集测试分析结果,每捕集1 t CO2损耗的MEA高达1.5 kg[7]。因此,开发更为高效稳定的吸收剂替代传统MEA吸收剂当前研究重点之一[4,8]

  • 吸收剂是化学吸收法脱除CO2的核心,理想的CO2吸收剂首先应具备吸收速率快,吸收容量大和再生能耗低,其次是安全稳定、环境友好、对设备腐蚀小和经济性好等特性。对此,国内外针对吸收剂的开发做了许多研究工作,并取得了一定的进展。目前所研究的胺类吸收剂大体可以分成以下四种:单一吸收剂、混合胺吸收剂、两相吸收剂和非水吸收剂,下文将对这四类吸收剂分别展开介绍。

  • 有机胺吸收CO2过程是胺分子与CO2反应生成不稳定盐,由于有机胺种类繁多,不同的胺吸收CO2的过程特性存在巨大差异。通常而言,有机胺类可以分为直链有机胺和环状有机胺(如PZ<哌嗪>),其中直链有机胺按氨基氮原子上连接的氢原子个数分为一级胺(如MEA<乙醇胺>),二级胺(如DEA<二乙醇胺>)和三级胺(如MDEA<N-甲基二乙醇胺>)[9]。一级胺和二级胺吸收剂能够和CO2结合生成氨基甲酸根,而三级胺的氨基氮原子上不存在氢原子,只能作为弱碱来与CO2反应,而无法与CO2结合生成氨基甲酸根,这导致三级胺的反应速率明显慢于一级胺和二级胺。而在CO2的吸收容量上,一般一级胺和二级胺的CO2的理论最大吸收容量为0.5 mol CO2/mol吸收剂,而三级胺可达到1mol CO2/mol吸收剂。哌嗪及其衍生物由于其特殊的环状结构,也具有很快的与CO2反应速率,同时也具有较高的CO2吸收容量,因而受到广泛的关注[9]

    近些年,空间位阻胺(如AMP2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇胺)也受到较多重视,此类有机胺分子结构中至少有一个氨基与仲碳或者叔碳原子连接,导致了空间位阻效应非常显著,这使得生成的氨基甲酸盐不稳定,容易与H2O反应进一步生成胺与 ,因此,空间位阻胺吸收CO2后较容易解吸,且对CO2的理论最大吸收容量为1mol CO2/mol吸收剂[9]。几种典型有机胺吸收剂的特性如表1所示[10]

    吸收剂 MEA MDEA AMP PZ
    类型 直链一级 直链三级 空间位阻 环状
    CO2吸收容量/(mol·mol-1) 0.5~0.55 1~1.68 1~1.26 0.8~0.9
    CO2吸收速率k1/(106mol·m-2sPa) 2.5 0.26 0.7 6.5
    吸收反应热/(kJ·mol-1) 81.8 54.6 73 70
    能耗/(GJ·t-1 CO2) 3.5~4.0

    Table 1.  CO2 absorption properties of typical amine solvents

    目前,许多研究者开展了对众多有机胺类化合物作为CO2吸收剂的性能测试,希望对这些有机胺的筛选找到具有吸收容量和反应速率高、反应热低且热稳定性好的吸收剂。其中典型的工作如Puxty等[11]对76种有机胺的CO2吸收容量进行了分析测试,由此筛选出了7种CO2吸收容量较高的胺类,这类胺结构中主要含有位阻和距离氮原子2个或3个碳原子上含有羟基。El Hadri等[12]对30种胺类吸收CO2的热力学和动力学进行了分析,结果发现N-乙基乙醇胺表现出了较好的CO2吸收容量、较低的反应热和较高的反应动力学等优点,具备替代MEA吸收剂的潜力。

  • 由于单一吸收剂很难同时满足高吸收速率和高吸收容量和低反应热等要求。因此,将不同特性的有机胺进行混合从而获得吸收速率和吸收容量高同时再生能耗和损耗低的新型吸收剂成为当前的研究焦点之一[13]

    混合胺吸收剂的研究思路可分为两种,一种则是以吸收速率较高一级胺或二级胺为主体,加入其他胺类(如MDEA)从而降低再生能耗和提高吸收剂整体性能。Idem等[14]则发现在MEA水溶液中加入MDEA后明显降低了对CO2捕集的再生能耗。Conway等[15]研究了由MEA与三级胺(DMEA,DEEA)和位阻胺(AMP)组成的混合胺吸收剂特性,发现组成的混合胺吸收剂的循环容量均高于同等浓度下的MEA吸收剂,其中MEA和AMP组成的混合胺吸收剂表现了最好的吸收能力。

    另一种研究思路是在高吸收容量和低再生能耗的三级胺或位阻胺中进一步添加活化剂(如MEA,DEA和PZ等),从而提高整体吸收剂的CO2吸收速率。Hinai等[16]研究多种混合胺对CO2的吸收容量和反应热,发现2EAE或2MAE和TMDAP混合得到的吸收剂吸收容量大于1.0 mol/mol且反应热在60 kJ/mol~70 kJ/mol。Gao等[17]研究了9种胺(EA、DEA、EEA、AMP、AEEA、MAPA、DETA、TETA和PZ)对三级胺DEEA捕集CO2特性的影响,研究结果表明这些混合胺的对CO2的吸收和再生速率以及循环容量均优于单独MEA或DEEA吸收剂,其中DEEA/PZ在这三个性能指标上均为最佳。

    此外,由多种不同性质的胺组成的混合吸收剂近来也开始受到关注。Zhang等[18]研究了不同组成比例的MEA/MDEA/PZ混合胺吸收剂的碳捕集能耗,发现随比例的不同可降低能耗15.22%~49.22%。Nwaoha等[19]比较了由AMP、MDEA和DETA组成的三元混合胺吸收剂和MEA吸收剂的特性差异,相比MEA吸收剂,三元混合胺吸收剂的循环负荷和循环容量提高超过100%,同时再生能耗降低超过50%。

    目前,已有多家企业和研究机构开发了配方混合胺吸收剂并进行了中试规模以上的验证。如日本三菱重工开发了以位阻胺为主要成分的KS-1吸收剂,再生能耗约为3.0 GJ/t CO2,相比MEA吸收剂能耗可降低20%以上;KS-1吸收剂已应用于多个大型碳捕集示范项目[20,21]。英国Carbon Clean Solutions公司开发了APBS吸收剂并在碳捕集规模为6 t/d的中试装置进行了测试,其中CO2能耗可低至2.5 GJ/t CO2[22]。国内南化集团研究院在胜利电厂4万吨/年的碳捕集装置上测试了所开发的新型复配胺吸收剂,再生能耗相比MEA法降低了30%以上,并在成功应用于多套工业装置[23]

  • 除了混合胺类吸收剂,近些年研究者也着力开发其他类型的胺基吸收剂,如相变吸收剂等。相变吸收剂是指吸收液在吸收CO2后形成两种不互溶的贫液相(CO2含量低)和富液相(CO2含量高),将这两者分离后的贫液继续循环至吸收塔用来捕获CO2,而富液则被循环至解吸塔中进行解吸,该过程既能够提高吸收过程和解吸过程的效率,同时还能有效减少再生过程中的显热和汽化潜热的消耗,进而降低能耗的成本[24]。因此,相比传统吸收剂,相变吸收剂具有显著的节能优势。

    Kim等[25]的实验研究发现MEA-乙醇和DEA-乙醇混合吸收剂在吸收CO2后会出现相分离现象,其中上层为贫CO2相,主要含乙醇,下层为富CO2相,主要含氨基甲酸盐和游离的胺。Zhang等[26]发现相比于传统30%MEA吸收剂,由30%MEA+30%1-丙醇+40%水组成的相变吸收剂显著提高了CO2的初始吸收速率,最大值可高于5倍;同时该相变吸收剂的CO2吸收循环容量可达1.70 mol/kg,提高了52%。汪明喜等[27]发现由15%亲脂性胺类DMCA(N,N-二甲基环己胺)和15%活性剂MCA(N-甲基环己胺)组成的相变吸收剂对CO2吸收速率与30wt%MEA相当,同时再生率显著提高了69%,循环净负荷从2.67 mol/kg提高到6.57 mol/kg。法国石油研究所[28]开发了DMX™相变吸收剂,针对该吸收剂开发的DMX™工艺在可将再生能耗降低至2.1 GJ/t CO2。相变吸收剂由于在碳捕集过程中存在相分离,因此需要开发相应能够匹配发生相分离的温度压力的工艺流程,同时如何应对相分离后的富CO2相粘度较大带来的输送问题也需要进一步研究[24]

  • 传统胺液吸收剂中水含量较高而导致能耗较高,对此可通过采用其他溶剂替代或者部分替代吸收剂中水,从而降低过程能耗[29],此时吸收剂不含水或水含量较低而不为溶剂,故称为非水吸收剂。郭超等[30]采用苯甲醇,二甘醇和N-甲基吡咯烷酮分别替代传统MEA吸收剂中的水,发现无水的MEA吸收剂吸收能力与解吸能力均有所降低,但其解吸速率大大增加且解吸能耗降低。Barzagli等[31]比较了水相和有机相(二乙二醇单甲醚)的多种有机胺(二甘醇胺、2-胺基-2-甲基-1、3-丙二醇、2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇、二乙醇胺和2-(丁基氨基)乙醇)吸收剂对CO2的吸收特性和能耗水平,结果表明水相吸收剂具对CO2的吸收负荷更高,而有机相吸收剂的吸收速率则更快,此外有机相的二甘醇胺由于更低的反应热和显热潜热而具备替代传统MEA吸收剂的前景。

    Fu等[32]研究了由MEA和甲醇组成吸收剂,发现比传统的水相MEA吸收剂具有更好的吸收CO2传质特性。Kang等[33]比较了MEA/H2O,MEA/H2O/乙二醇和MEA/乙二醇三种水相,半水相和非水相吸收剂对CO2的吸收特性和再生能耗,发现随着吸收剂中水的减少,吸收剂的吸收速率、吸收容量和再生能耗得到改善,其中非水相MEA再生过程中的潜热、显热和反应热消耗均有较明显的下降,总的再生能耗相比水相MEA可减少31.3%。Lin等[34]通过实验研究发现在PZ和DETA组成的水溶液吸收剂中加入乙二醇或甲醇后解吸能耗明显降低,其中加入甲醇后的效果最好,由水溶液时的2.99 GJ/t CO2降低至1.84 GJ/t CO2且对CO2的吸收性能基本保持不变。

    离子液体具有蒸发压力小、热稳定性好和物理特性可调等优点,被认为是一种环境友好的绿色溶剂。近些年将离子液体应用于CO2吸收受到越来越多的关注[35]。Xu等[36]研究了两种低粘度离子液体[C2OHmim][DCA]和[Bmim][DCA]对30wt%MEA水溶液吸收CO2的影响,结果表明随离子液体比例的增加,CO2在溶液中的溶解度是降低的,但另一方面也降低了解吸能耗,当离子液体比例达到30wt%时,可降低能耗27%。Khan等[37]通过实验分析了30wt%MDEA/3wt%PZ、离子液体([bmim][OTf]和[bmim][AC])和水组成的CO2吸收剂的物理化学特性,结果表明这两种离子液体的存在显著提高了CO2的吸收容量,其中当离子液体含量为10wt%时,CO2的负荷从原来的1.32 mol CO2/mol提高至1.77 mol CO2/mol([bmim][OTf])和1.84 mol CO2/mol([bmim][Ac]),但离子液体也增加了吸收剂的粘度和密度。最近,Yang等[38]发现MEA吸收剂添加亲水性离子液体[bmim][BF4]后能显著减少MEA在碳捕集过程中的损失,同时能够显著降低过程能耗,其中50%[bmim][BF4]+30%MEA+20%水组成吸收剂能耗为2.38 GJ/t CO2,相比30%MEA+70%水的可降低33.8%。

    非水吸收剂的研究目前仍存于实验室阶段,有关有机溶剂以及离子液体引入对反应动力学和热力学以及稳定性等问题仍有待进一步深入研究测试。

  • 开发新型胺类吸收剂是降低当前化学吸收法碳捕集技术再生能耗高的重要技术手段。近些年,研究者们在提高吸收剂吸收特性和降低再生能耗方面做了大量的工作。本文根据所研究的吸收剂组成将其分成单一吸收剂、混合胺吸收剂、两相吸收剂和非水吸收剂四类,并对当前的研究进展情况进行了介绍。大量单一胺类吸收剂的筛选研究工作为吸收剂的开发打下了坚实的基础。混合胺吸收剂结合了多种单一吸收剂的优点,具备较高吸收容量和吸收速率以及较低的再生能耗,总体技术相对比较成熟,已有较多的工业应用案例。双相吸收剂和非水吸收剂作为新兴的吸收剂代表,表现了良好的应用潜力,现仍处于实验室研发阶段,还有较多的问题如吸收剂反应特性、稳定性和工艺系统开发等需要进一步研究完善。

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