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温室气体排放是人为驱动全球气候变化的主要原因[1]。随着碳中和和碳达峰目标的持续推进,可再生能源将在减少排放、同时保持经济的发展速度和规模方面发挥重要作用。与所有可再生能源生产一样,风能是一种可持续资源,其碳足迹远低于燃烧化石燃料,是一种重要的可再生能源[2]。近年来,我国的风电场数量迅速增加。政府的目标是到2030年10%的能源来自可再生能源,其中7%~8%将来自风能。据估计,到2030年底,广东省将建成投产海上风电装机容量约30 GW以实现这一目标。海上风力发电可以为我国应对全球气候变化、实现碳中和做出积极贡献。然而,风力涡轮机对周边环境,尤其是鸟类存在潜在影响。这些潜在影响包括直接与涡轮叶片碰撞而造成的死亡、或间接栖息地丧失造成的迁移、屏障效应等[3]。除此之外,风电也是我国发展最快的能源行业之一,我国2020年电力行业新增装机容量为190.87 GW,其中风电新增装机容量达71.67 GW,占2020年电力行业新增装机容量的37.5%,仅广东一省开工建设海上风电装机容量就超过12 GW。相对于大规模的海上风能开发,对海上风电场对鸟类的影响研究并不多。本文将从海上风电场对鸟类影响的来源、结果和如何有效预防等三个角度进行综述,为我国发展海上风电的同时,在风电场的设计、建设和运营阶段完成对鸟类的保护工作,以避免对脆弱的鸟类生态系统造成破坏。
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