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火力发电厂四大管道包括:主蒸汽管道、高温再热蒸汽管道、低温再热蒸汽管道及高压给水管道[1]。四大管道运行参数高、对设备推力力矩大、管道材料昂贵,因此在设计过程中一直被高度重视。设计单位采取了各种措施对其设计质量进行全方位控制,包括了:采用全球广泛应用的商用应力分析软件CAESAR Ⅱ;安排有经验、质量好的人员参与设计、评审、校核;反复与设备厂家确认相关接口信息;采用小偏差的管材等。这套措施基本涵盖了四大管道配管加工前的所有质量控制环节,通过长期的工程实践检验证明是行之有效的。
近年来随着四大管道优化[2],部分工程开始暴露出管道实际运行状态与理论计算之间存在较大偏差的问题。以往的四大管道布置柔软、热补偿能力强、二次应力水平低,偏差对管道和设备正常运行影响较小;而布置优化后四大管道柔性较差[3]、热补偿能力减弱,需要设置更多的限位支架和刚性吊架来分配热膨胀,以减少管道对设备的推力和力矩,同样偏差所造成的影响较以往会增大,各种偏差叠加后甚至会影响到管道和设备的正常运行,使管道出现变形、下沉、热膨胀异常等问题[4]。
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