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FU Yushun, SHI Wei, ZHANG Songhao, ZHANG Lixian, REN Yajun, LI Xin, ZHOU Yiming. Experimental Research on the Dynamic Characteristics of Offshore Wind Turbine Model Under the Action of Highly Nonlinear Waves[J]. SOUTHERN ENERGY CONSTRUCTION, 2023, 10(4): 11-17. doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2023.04.002
Citation: FU Yushun, SHI Wei, ZHANG Songhao, ZHANG Lixian, REN Yajun, LI Xin, ZHOU Yiming. Experimental Research on the Dynamic Characteristics of Offshore Wind Turbine Model Under the Action of Highly Nonlinear Waves[J]. SOUTHERN ENERGY CONSTRUCTION, 2023, 10(4): 11-17. doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2023.04.002

Experimental Research on the Dynamic Characteristics of Offshore Wind Turbine Model Under the Action of Highly Nonlinear Waves

doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2023.04.002
  • Received Date: 2023-06-01
  • Rev Recd Date: 2023-06-18
  • Available Online: 2023-07-25
  • Publish Date: 2023-07-10
  •   Introduction  Monopile foundation is currently the most widely used support structure for offshore wind farms. China's marine environment is mostly shallow water and medium water depth areas, which is obviously affected by nonlinear waves. Compared with the traveling wave, the focusing waves can form an impact force on the pile column in a short time, which is larger than the conventional wave force, and undermines the operational performance and fatigue life of the offshore wind turbines.   Method  In this paper, NREL 5 MW monopile wind turbine study was carried out according to the pool model test method at the reduced scale of 1∶80. In combination with the marine environmental conditions of China's eastern coastal wind farms, we selected three typical focusing wave models, and recorded the changes of the wave runup around the monopile and the force on the bottom under different working conditions using wave height meter and force balance.   Result  The results show that: the horizontal wave force on the pile foundation is significantly transient, and will suddenly increase when the focusing waves act on the monopile foundation, and the monopile foundation receives the reverse impact force at the trough of focusing wave.   Conclusion  This paper reveals the change law of load on monopile foundation of offshore wind turbine caused by focusing wave, confirms the important influence of nonlinear wave on the dynamic characteristics of wind turbine foundation. The results are of high theoretical value and engineering application value.
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    SUN Y Y, LIU S X, ZANG J, et al. Experimental study of focused wave on a vertical circular cylinder [J]. Journal of Dalian Maritime University, 2008, 34(1): 5-9. DOI:  10.16411/j.cnki.issn1006-7736.2008.01.015.
    [6] XU Y Y, LIANG S X, SUN Z C, et al. An experimental comparison of the velocities and energies of focused spilling waves in deep water [J]. Ocean dynamics, 2020, 70(7): 863-877. DOI:  10.1007/s10236-020-01369-1.
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    YAN L. Research on structure design of wind turbine supporting system [D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2008: 47.
    [18] 李学兵. 推板式造波机的机械结构设计 [J]. 机械工程与自动化, 2020(3): 91-93. DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1672-6413.2020.03.036.43.

    LI X B. Design of mechanical structure for push plate type wave maker [J]. Mechanical engineering & automation, 2020(3): 91-93. DOI:  10.3969/j.issn.1672-6413.2020.03.036.43.
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    LIU S X, HONG Q Y. The generation method of three-dimensional focusing wave and its properties [J]. Acta oceanologica sinica, 2004, 26(6): 133-142. DOI:  10.3321/j.issn:0253-4193.2004.06.015.
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Experimental Research on the Dynamic Characteristics of Offshore Wind Turbine Model Under the Action of Highly Nonlinear Waves

doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2023.04.002

Abstract:   Introduction  Monopile foundation is currently the most widely used support structure for offshore wind farms. China's marine environment is mostly shallow water and medium water depth areas, which is obviously affected by nonlinear waves. Compared with the traveling wave, the focusing waves can form an impact force on the pile column in a short time, which is larger than the conventional wave force, and undermines the operational performance and fatigue life of the offshore wind turbines.   Method  In this paper, NREL 5 MW monopile wind turbine study was carried out according to the pool model test method at the reduced scale of 1∶80. In combination with the marine environmental conditions of China's eastern coastal wind farms, we selected three typical focusing wave models, and recorded the changes of the wave runup around the monopile and the force on the bottom under different working conditions using wave height meter and force balance.   Result  The results show that: the horizontal wave force on the pile foundation is significantly transient, and will suddenly increase when the focusing waves act on the monopile foundation, and the monopile foundation receives the reverse impact force at the trough of focusing wave.   Conclusion  This paper reveals the change law of load on monopile foundation of offshore wind turbine caused by focusing wave, confirms the important influence of nonlinear wave on the dynamic characteristics of wind turbine foundation. The results are of high theoretical value and engineering application value.

FU Yushun, SHI Wei, ZHANG Songhao, ZHANG Lixian, REN Yajun, LI Xin, ZHOU Yiming. Experimental Research on the Dynamic Characteristics of Offshore Wind Turbine Model Under the Action of Highly Nonlinear Waves[J]. SOUTHERN ENERGY CONSTRUCTION, 2023, 10(4): 11-17. doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2023.04.002
Citation: FU Yushun, SHI Wei, ZHANG Songhao, ZHANG Lixian, REN Yajun, LI Xin, ZHOU Yiming. Experimental Research on the Dynamic Characteristics of Offshore Wind Turbine Model Under the Action of Highly Nonlinear Waves[J]. SOUTHERN ENERGY CONSTRUCTION, 2023, 10(4): 11-17. doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2023.04.002
    • 随着全球经济的快速增长,对能源的需求也日益增加。风能是一种无污染、可再生且具有低风险的能源,具有许多优点。然而,相比欧洲等地海上风电开发经验丰富的地区,我国的近岸海洋地质环境主要位于浅水和中等水深区,具有特殊的建设条件。在波浪向近岸传播的过程中,随着水深的减小,波浪的非线性增加,波陡逐渐增大,并引起波浪破碎等复杂现象。因此,为确保近岸海洋风电场的建设和运行的安全、高效和稳定,需要深入研究海洋地质环境和波浪特性,并结合新型材料和技术来提高近岸海洋风力发电的效率和可持续性。

      李金宣等[1] 探讨了不同波浪参数的多向聚焦波对圆柱作用的影响,并将实验结果与二维规则波的实验结果进行了比较。经实验发现,聚焦波浪参数对圆柱作用力产生了明显的影响。同时,实验结果与二维规则波实验结果相当,但比二维聚焦波实验结果小。该研究对于理解多向聚焦波对圆柱结构的影响具有一定的参考意义。Zang和Taylo[2]在实验水池中对单向和多向聚焦波入射下的立式圆柱体进行了高频载荷分析。Chaplin等[3]与Scolan等[4]研究了单桩在极端瞬态大波作用下的振铃响应,其中单桩底部连接到波谷的底部,顶部由弹簧和板连接。孙一艳等[5] 使用JONSWAP谱生成不同参数下的聚焦波浪,研究了聚焦波浪对直立圆柱墩的绕射作用,并采用波峰波谷聚焦相加减的方法进行了分析。结果显示,二阶波浪的绕射作用强于一阶波浪的绕射作用。该研究利用实验方法对聚焦波浪对圆柱结构的影响进行了定量分析,对于进一步研究聚焦波浪对具体工程实践中的直立圆柱墩等结构的绕射影响具有参考意义。Xu等[6]通过实验生成聚焦波研究了深水中极端波浪的发生破碎的演变过程和能量变化,Niu等[7]提出了一种在实验室水槽基于线性色散关系生成极端波浪改进的全相位修正方法。

      近年来,海上浮式风机的新概念层出不穷,引起了国内外学者和研究机构的广泛关注和研究。为深入了解其设计和运行特性,并验证其可行性,许多研究人员进行了相关的水池模型试验。这些试验结果有助于为海上浮式风机的进一步研发提供实验数据和指导,并为其应用提供重要的理论和技术支持。Hyunkyoung Shi[8]以OC3-hywind概念风机的1∶128缩尺比模型为对象,进行了风、浪联合试验,旨在研究其运动响应。这项研究的目的是评估该概念风机在真实海洋环境中的表现。Jose Azcona等[9] 建议使用涵道风扇来取代机舱和叶片,并通过调整风扇转速来模拟风机所受推力的变化。此外,他们将数值模拟计算的结果与实际试验数据进行实时混合反馈,以获得更准确的结果。这种方法取得了良好的效果。然而,这种方法存在一些不足之处,在试验中忽略了陀螺效应。Marc Le Boulluec[10]以缩尺比1∶40对WINFLO概念风机进行水池试验,主要研究了其水动力响应。

      单桩式海上风机研究方面,1950年,Morison方程[11]的提出是目前使用最广泛的水动力载荷模型,随着研究的不断深入,更先进的水动力模型在20世纪90年代被提出。Chau和Eatock Taylor[12]详细分析了均匀圆柱在规则波中的二阶绕射问题,其结果提供了圆柱体表面的结果,还提供了自由表面的结果,以及在圆柱周围的流体域的结果。Rainey理论[13]忽略了Morison方程中的阻力项,通过非线性细长体项将线性Morison惯性项修正至三阶,考虑了二阶和三阶的非线性流动和自由液面影响。还有一种是利用摄动理论推导了高阶水动力载荷模型,由Faltinsen、Newman和Vinje三人提出的FNV理论[14]以及Malenica和Molin提出的M&M理论[15],他们都直接推导到三阶,以考虑Ringing相关的非线性和波浪绕射问题。

      海上风机系统模型试验的研究可有效的揭示和掌握聚焦波下海上风机结构系统反应的客观规律,实证海上风机基础受灾机理,验证浮式海上风机耦合作用数值模拟与控制策略,对推动大型海上风机的模型试验与模拟技术的发展具有重要意义。本文开展模型试验重点研究聚焦波与单桩式基础相互作用机理,加强时域分析数值模拟方法的验证和校准。

    • 本试验综合考虑了原型几何尺寸、海洋水文条件和试验室设备能力等因素,从而确定单桩式海上风机模型试验的缩尺比$ \lambda $=1∶80[16],下文中出现的参数除单独指出外,均为模型尺寸。本试验以几何相似和弗洛德相似律为相似准则为理论依据建立与其他参数的相似关系。

      本次模型试验选取的模型采用钢材制成的圆管,以下简称单桩,该单桩模型的直径为7.5 cm,对应于全尺寸的NREL-5 MW的海上风机的直径为6 m,壁厚是2.0 mm[17]。根据相似定律得到刚性单桩的基本结构参数如表1所示。

      单桩参数模型参数原型参数缩尺比λ
      长度 7.5 cm 6.0 m 80
      高度 120 cm 96.0 m 80
      管壁厚度 2 mm 0.160 m 80
      密度 7.85 t/m3 7.85 t/m3 1

      Table 1.  Parameters of monopile model

    • 本次模型试验在非线性波浪水槽中开展,该试验水槽详见图1,该水槽尺寸为长60.0 m×宽4.0 m×高2.5 m,试验可用水深范围为0.2~2.0 m,造波板[18]可生成波浪为周期0.5~5.0 s,水槽的前端装有推板式造波机。聚焦波试验方面,将单桩的安装位置移动到距离造波板15.78 m的底坡平底部分。具体安装位置如图2所示。具体安装完成的模型如图3所示。

      Figure 1.  Non-linear wave tank

      Figure 2.  Side view of tank for focused wave test of monopile

      Figure 3.  Experimental model

    • Tromans等[19]提出的NewWave理论是目前使用较为广泛的理论。本次聚焦波的实验室造波方法原理如下。根据长波传播快、短波传播慢的原理[20],在指定位置xb和指定时间tb产生二维聚焦波浪的波面可以写成:

      $$ \eta \left( {x,t} \right) = \displaystyle \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{a_i}\cos \left[ {{k_i}\left( {x - {x_{\rm{b}}}} \right) - {\omega _i}\left( {t - {t_{\rm{b}}}} \right)} \right]} $$ (1)

      式中:

      N ——组成波的个数;

      ai ——组成波的振幅;

      ki ——波数;

      ωi——频率(Hz)。

      波数与频率ωi满足色散关系。各组成波的振幅ai取决于波浪的频谱分布形式。定义A为聚焦点处的波浪振幅,则有:

      $$ A = \displaystyle \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{a_i}} $$ (2)

      当给定的聚焦波幅A为正值时,波峰聚焦;当A为负值时,波谷聚焦。实际上,在大波峰的区域内,极限波的平均波形与海浪谱的自相关函数的形状基本相似。最大波浪的振幅由瑞利分布确定。生成聚焦波组成波的振幅可表示为

      $$ {a_i} = A{S_i}\left( \omega \right)\Delta {\omega _i}/\displaystyle \sum\limits_i {{S_i}\left( \omega \right)} \Delta {\omega _i} $$ (3)

      式中:

      Si (ω)——能量谱分布;

      ωi ——频率间隔。

      本文采用JONSWAP谱型,其谱的形状为:

      $$ S\left( \omega \right) = {\left( {\dfrac{f}{{{f_{\rm{p}}}}}} \right)^{ - S}}{f_{\rm{p}}}\exp \left[ { - 1.25{{\left( {\dfrac{f}{{{f_{\rm{p}}}}}} \right)}^{ - 4}}} \right]{\gamma ^{\exp \left[ { - {{\left( {\tfrac{f}{{{f_{\rm{p}}}}}} \right)}^2}/2{\sigma ^2}} \right]}} $$ (4)

      式中:

      σ = 0.07 (ffp);

      σ = 0.09 (ffp);

      fp——谱峰频率(Hz)。

      对于在指定位置和时间聚焦的波浪,其特性主要取决于波浪的频谱、频率分布宽度、波浪大小等,本次实验采用波谷聚焦,聚焦位置在斜坡上端的平坡上。

    • 聚焦波工况参数如表2所示。

      工况fp/Hzfmin~fmax/
      Hz
      f/HzNTs/sHs/cmd/m造波板
      距离/m
      LC11.250.8~1.81.0510.80.0250.3115.78
      LC21.250.8~1.81.0510.80.0200.3116.49
      LC31.250.8~1.81.0510.80.0150.3118.16

      Table 2.  Focused wave conditions

    • 本次试验共测试了单桩周围8个点的波浪爬高,所用测量仪器为电容式浪高仪,其量程为0~60 cm,采样频率为50 Hz。单桩周围8个点的位置命名图如图4所示。

      Figure 4.  Schematic diagram of position of wave height recorder

      来流方向为x正向。同时本试验也测量了单桩底部的波浪荷载,测量用传感器为六向测力天平,其x方向的量程为0~200 N,采样频率为1000 Hz。

      在安装测力传感器方面,将单桩以下的部分安装在深槽底部,并在深槽上方盖上盖板,还原水底的初始平底状态,防止水流与坡底深槽内的六向测力传感器发生额外的相互作用,如图5所示。

      Figure 5.  Installed position of wave height recorder chuck

    • 本次试验采用波谷聚焦的方式生成聚焦波,聚焦位置在斜坡上端的平底处,实验首先测得了未放置模型前的桩前波面信息,随后放置单桩模型,测得了单桩周围8点的波浪爬高以及单桩底部受到的聚焦波波浪力。单桩周围波浪爬升高度变化结果与前人的研究结论一致[21-22]

      图6图8给出了3个聚焦波工况下单桩周围7个测点的波浪爬高时程曲线,可以看出,3个工况下的波浪爬升随位置的变化规律相同。当聚焦波到达单桩时,0°位置的波高先变为最大,随后,315°位置波峰升到最大,随着波浪向前传播,90°位置与对称的270°位置波高同时变为最大,紧接着,135°位置与225°位置波峰同时变为最大,最后波峰传递到桩后180°位置。同时可以看到,在0°、315°、90°位置的波峰高度基本一致,由于对称性,135°与225°位置的波高信息基本一致,但是90°位置与270°位置却出现了波高信息的略微偏差,可能是由于水槽造波或斜坡制作因素导致聚焦波在单桩两侧出现对称性不够的情况。同时,桩基后侧的波浪涌高值最大。

      Figure 6.  Wave run-ups around monopile at LC1

      Figure 7.  Wave run-ups around monopile at LC2

      Figure 8.  Wave Run-ups around Monopile at LC3

    • 图9给出了聚焦波在单桩前侧波浪爬高时程曲线和聚焦波作用下单桩桩基所受的水平波浪力时域曲线对比图,从图中可以看出,水平波浪力变化趋势与聚焦波波面变化趋势十分吻合,这说明桩基所受的水平波浪力具有很强的瞬态性。在波浪聚焦时作用在单桩基础上的水平波浪力突然增大,形成脉动冲击力,之后又迅速减小。同时在波谷处也遭受到十分大的反向冲击力。因此,可以推断,聚焦波可对近海单桩风机造成较大的瞬时影响,能够在短时间内造成较大的脉冲冲击,并且伴随着波浪变形、抨击甚至破碎等强非线性现象。以工况LC2为例,观察聚焦波浪的频域图,如图10所示,可以发现,主峰频率为1.25 Hz,与理论相符。水平波浪力的频域图(如图11所示)中可以看出,由于波浪诱导,波浪力的主峰频率也为1.25 Hz。同时由于单桩自振频率为4.25 Hz,因此波频与单桩自振频率相差较大,未能引起共振。在实际工程中,若波浪频率与基础固有频率接近时,则会产生共振现象,造成结构的疲劳破坏和瞬间大幅振动,因此对于该问题应在实际工程中给予足够的重视。

      Figure 9.  Time-history curve of horizontal wave force on monopile foundation at LC2

      Figure 10.  Spectrogram of wave run-up in front of monopile at LC2

      Figure 11.  Frequency spectrum of horizontal wave force on monopile foundation at LC2

    • 本文针对5 MW级单桩海上风机开展了缩尺比为1∶80的水池模型试验,通过浪高仪和测力天平详细记录了不同参数的3种典型聚焦波工况下单桩基础周围不同位置波浪爬高和单桩底部受到的波浪荷载,并对其演化过程进行了对比分析,得出了以下结论:

      1)聚焦波水平波浪力变化趋势与聚焦波波面变化趋势十分吻合,这说明桩基所受的水平波浪力具有很强的瞬态性。

      2)在波浪聚焦时作用在单桩基础上的水平波浪力突然增大,形成脉动冲击力,同时在波谷处也遭受到十分大的反向冲击力。因此,可以推断,聚焦波可对近海单桩风机造成较大的瞬时影响,能够在短时间内造成较大的脉冲冲击,并且伴随着波浪变形、抨击甚至破碎等强非线性现象。

      3) 在本次研究的3个工况条件下,波频与单桩自振频率相差较大,未能引起共振。在实际工程中,若波浪频率与基础固有频率接近时,则会产生共振现象,造成结构的疲劳破坏和瞬间大幅振动,因此对于该问题应在实际工程中给予足够的重视。

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