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- S. ENERGY CONSTR. is a Peer-Reviewed journal started in 2014 which declared a Gold Open Access journal and dedicated to the free sharing and dissemination of knowledge in energy construction.
- 2024，indexed by COAJ (China Open Access Journals)
- 2023, indexed by Scopus
- 2022, indexed by EBSCO Research Database
- 2021, indexed by DOAJ(Directory of Open Access Journals)
About Journal
Bimonthly Publication，Start in 2014.12
Supervisor：China Southern Power Grid Digital Media Technology Co., Ltd.
Sponsor：
China Energy Engineering Group
Guangdong Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd.
Editor：Editorial Board of S. ENERGY CONSTR.
Publisher：Energy Observer Magazine Co., Ltd.
Honorary Chairman：DU Xianwan
Chairman：PENG Xueping
Co-Editor-in-Chief：YANG Yongping, FAN Yongchun
Associate Editor：ZHANG Chunwen
Editorial Director：ZHENG Wentang
Address：1 Tianfeng Road, Science City, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, P. R. China
Tel：+86-20-32119015；32119373
ISSN 2095-8676
CN 44-1715/TK
CODEN: NFNYJK
Email：nfnyjstg@gedi.com.cn
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RSSThe call for papers focuses on academic frontiers and hot issues in the fields of "carbon peak and neutrality" and special columns, features, and special issues will be published irregularly.
- Special Issue of Large-scale Renewable Energy Hydrogen Production Technologies
- Special Issue of "Controlled Nuclear Fusion Power Engineering Technology" in May 2024
- Special Issue of ''Electric Power and Meteorological Technology'' in Jan. 2024
- Special Issue of ''DC Transmission Technology for New Power System Construction'' in Sep. 2023
- Special Issue of ''Offshore Wind Power Engineering Technology'' to be Published in Jul. 2023
- Special Issue of ''Hydrogen Energy Technology'' to be Published in May 2023
- Special Issue of "New Power System and Energy Storage Technology" to be Published in Dec. 2022
- Special Issue of "Low-Carbon Collaborative Transformation Technology for Thermal Power Generation Units" to be Published in Sep. 2022
Articles in press have been peer-reviewed and accepted, which are not yet assigned to volumes /issues, but are citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
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Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-297
Abstract:
Introduction The development of information technology leads the development trend of the new era. Information technology promotes the progress of nuclear power generation technology to intelligentization and even smartization, while also ensuring the safe development of nuclear power generation. Method The positioning association of information, nuclear power generation, and the intelligentization of nuclear power generation was provided. The application of information technology in future nuclear power generation was studied. The development trend of advanced nuclear power generation was analyzed. Result The future nuclear power generation should first be information-based nuclear power generation, followed by intelligent nuclear power generation, and then possibly smart nuclear power generation. The characteristics of 5G low delay can make the nuclear power generation system more accurate, and the nuclear system can be accurately adjusted to operate faster and respond in time. Cloud computing can also find problems in nuclear power generation's complex mass of data. Big data can analyze the root causes of problems in a timely manner. Quantum technology can enhance the core fuel function. Artificial intelligence machine data capture and neural networks learn to process and apply information more precisely. Conclusion Informationization is also a new quality productivity revolution, and information technology promotes the progress of nuclear power generation technology to intelligent development. The intelligence of nuclear power generation is the future trend of advanced nuclear power generation development. The upgrading of information technology is the leading driver of nuclear power generation. Ensuring nuclear power generation safety requires the assistance of information. Network information technology is the central link to build a comprehensive nuclear and solar energy system.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-289
Abstract:
Introduction The coordinated development of electricity and hydrogen is a key pathway to achieving dual carbon goals and serves as a crucial support for building a new power system. To promote the sustainable development and market promotion of China’s hydrogen energy industry, the multi-dimensional business operation models and development strategies for electric-hydrogen complementary and collaborative systems are proposed. Method Firstly, the paper comprehensively reviewed the development trends in the electric-hydrogen field both domestically and internationally, and summarized the current status of typical electric-hydrogen projects. Secondly, the profitability mechanisms for electric-hydrogen complementary and collaborative system were analyzed, including the research on diverse hydrogen sales models, the exploration of electricity market revenue, and the assessment of carbon reduction economic value. Based on this basis, multi-dimensional business models for the electric-hydrogen complementary and collaborative system tailored to China's national conditions were proposed, and profitability was calculated under the boundary conditions such as different market conditions and electricity price mechanism. Result The study shows that the electricity pricing mechanism in the spot market significantly guides hydrogen storage, helping to compensate for the efficiency losses in the electric-hydrogen conversion. Integrated utilization of electrolyzers and fuel cells for ancillary services is one of the key strategies to enhance profitability. Coordinating renewable energy hydrogen production with hydrogen sales can substantially improve overall economic benefits, and is also an effective transition from hydrogen sales profitability strategies to future electricity market revenues. Conclusion Based on China's energy endowment characteristics and regional distribution, it is recommended that different regions explore the development of business models for electricity-hydrogen complementary and coordinated systems tailored to local conditions. These include clarifying market-oriented policy directions, guiding large-scale development, and expanding diverse end-use applications.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-271
Abstract:
Introduction With the rapid increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs), the impact of EV energy storage on the power grid has become increasingly significant. To enable dynamic interaction between EV charging stations and the grid, and to use EV energy storage to regulate load in order to reduce peak-valley differences and mitigate grid impacts, this paper proposes a control and scheduling strategy based on virtual synchronous technology, considering the integration of reactive power response into the new power system. Method Firstly, a day-ahead application mechanism was adopted, and a two-layer rolling optimization scheduling model was established to formulate charging plans for each charging station. Then, considering the working mode and characteristics of the V2G (Vehicle to Grid) system, an improved virtual synchronous control method was proposed. Under this control method, power can flow bidirectionally, and optimal power distribution was achieved through the V2G scheduling control strategy, thereby realizing both active and reactive power dispatch responses. Result Experimental results show that the proposed strategy effectively reduces the impact of EV charging and discharging on the power system, enhancing system stability. Additionally, by issuing upper-level scheduling instructions to the lower-level V2G converter controls, bidirectional interaction between charging stations and the grid can be well realized. Conclusion The combination of the upper-level scheduling strategy and lower-level converter control strategy not only meets the basic needs of the V2G system but also demonstrates excellent output characteristics. This control and scheduling strategy provides strong support for the stable operation of future power systems.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-204
Abstract:
Introduction During the operation and storage of lithium batteries, substantial heat is generated. Anomalies in temperature can impact the lifespan and cycling efficiency of lithium batteries, and in extreme cases, may lead to explosions. Therefore, research on thermal runaway warning for lithium batteries is crucial for ensuring their operational safety . Method The DTW-Kmeans algorithm was employed to identify anomalies in the temperature rise rate of lithium batteries. Subsequently, the physical characteristic of surface temperature decrease following the opening of the lithium battery safety valve was incorporated. A dual-feature fusion approach was utilized to propose a thermal runaway warning mechanism for lithium batteries. Result Repetitive experiments have validated the effectiveness of the proposed early warning algorithm in distinguishing abnormal lithium batteries based on temperature rise rates. Furthermore, it is capable of identifying the sudden change in temperature rise rates from positive to negative in abnormal lithium batteries, achieving a comprehensive recognition accuracy rate exceeding 90%. Conclusion The early warning algorithm is able to accurately identify lithium batteries with abnormal temperature rise rates, and can promptly and precisely detect the timing and location of the opening of the safety valve in the lithium battery. Consequently, this early warning algorithm serves as a preemptive measure against thermal runaway in lithium batteries, thereby safeguarding the safe operation of lithium-ion battery packs.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-278
Abstract:
Introduction The construction of beautiful China should show the beauty of modernized engineering, and more importantly, it should rely on the excellent traditional Chinese culture. The paper aims to study the design method to improve the existing industrial buildings with culture and aesthetics, which is limited by process modeling and engineering economy. Method Through case study and engineering practice, we studied the aesthetic design cases of power projects at home and abroad, summarized the three perspectives of traditional regional culture, scientific and technological innovation culture, and diversified fusion culture, and applied them to the design ideas of "Distant Shadows - Rising Clouds - Sky" for the new 2×1000 MW project of CHN Energy Yueyang Power Plant. Result Through the design practice of typical projects, the engineering aesthetic design method of "cultural empowerment expression", "innovation-driven design" and "sharing and integration development" is refined. Conclusion We expect to take the Yueyang Power Plant as a starting point to explore the feasible way for culture as a conceptual starting point and innovation foothold to empower engineering aesthetics, especially in the overall planning and architectural design of thermal power plants.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-044
Abstract:
Introduction For the oxygen ion conductive solid fuel cell fueled by hydrogen, the paper proposed a SOFC-"GT+ST" system with the cathode and anode of the fuel cell entering the gas turbine and steam turbine respectively, and analyzed the impact of different parameters on system efficiency, providing reference opinions for hydrogen fuel cell and turbine coupling systems. Method A system model was established using the software Ebsilon. The model was compared with the SOFC-GT system under the given parameters. Additionally, the study investigated the effects of fuel utilization, compressor pressure ratio, air flow and SOFC inlet working fluid temperature on the total power generation efficiency of SOFC-"GT+ST" system. Result The results show that compared with the SOFC-GT system, the total power generation of the SOFC-"GT+ST" system increases to 73.3 MW, representing a 5.74% improvement over the original system, with a power generation efficiency of 60.13%. The fuel utilization of the fuel cell, the compressor pressure ratio, the cell inlet temperature and the air flow rate all affect the system’s total power generation efficiency. Among these factors, there is an optimal value for fuel utilization and a reasonable range for the air flow rate. Additionally, higher cell inlet temperature and compressor pressure ratio lead to higher power generation efficiency of the system. Conclusion Under the structure and parameters defined in this study, the optimal value of fuel utilization of fuel cell is 0.85, and the air flow value should be between 35 and 39 kg/s. The improved system can effectively enhance the total power generation efficiency of SOFC and turbine combined power generation system. The results of this study provide a reference for the selection of system parameters.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-031
Abstract:
Introduction With the increase of renewable energy capacity installed each year, hydrogen production by water electrolysis has become an important way to consume renewable energy. Method This paper integrated the classical electrochemical model, conservation relationship, and empirical formula of alkaline electrolyzer to investigate the impact of temperature, pressure, current density, and other factors on the performance of water electrolysis system for hydrogen production. By analyzing the impact mechanism in relation to the electrolyzer structure, key materials, and operation conditions the study identifies a direction for optimizing the performance of current water electrolysis system for hydrogen production. Result The studied performance parameters include hydrogen yield rate, global efficiency, cell voltage, and hydrogen content in oxygen. The study found that increasing current density and raising the temperature both enhance the hydrogen production rate, while changes in pressure have a relatively minor impact. The paper combines physical mechanisms and practical operating experience to analyze the validity of some empirical parameters in the model. Conclusion Optimizing the electrolyzer structure and boosting the performance of catalysts are crucial for improving the current density. Operating the electrolyzer at too high a temperature exceeds the tolerance of the equipment materials, while operating at too low a temperature increases system energy consumption. Therefore, a balanced consideration is necessary. Increasing pressure means higher requirements for the equipment's sealing and the performance of basic materials, but producing high-pressure hydrogen also provides more options for downstream applications, potentially reducing investment in downstream compression and storage systems.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-358
Abstract:
Introduction The analysis of limited icing capacity of wind turbine in cold wave weather is difficult to predict, resulting in inaccurate wind power prediction and insufficient decision-making basis for wind power dispatching. Method Through the prediction model of the limited icing capacity of wind turbine, the limited icing capacity of wind turbine in extreme cold wave weather process in Guangxi was analyzed and summarized by using conventional meteorological observation data, wind turbine shutdown actual data and numerical model data. Result The results show that the reference value and accuracy of icing prediction are effectively improved by integrating the numerical prediction products with the actual data of limited icing capacity and applying regression analysis for real-time correction. In addition, the icing prediction model can effectively respond to the strong cold air system southward affecting the Guangxi wind farm, but the response to the turning weather is insufficient, and the prediction result is larger than the actual data. At the same time, the numerical model prediction results have amplitude deviation and phase deviation, and the predicted value is larger than the actual value in this process. In terms of prediction effect, the model performs better in air temperature prediction than relative humidity and wind speed prediction, and the prediction effect of meteorological elements in high altitude areas is generally better than that in low altitude areas. Conclusion Based on the above conclusions, some suggestions are put forward, such as strengthening the early warning and prediction ability of cold wave, carrying out the upgrading and transformation of icing capacity prediction system, so as to improve the prediction accuracy of the limited icing capacity of wind turbine in extreme cold wave weather.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-301
Abstract:
Introduction With the large-scale development and utilization of wind and solar energy resources, the impact of the construction and operation of wind farms and photovoltaic power plants on local climate has received widespread attention. The paper focuses on summarizing the research progress on the impact of wind farms and photovoltaic power plants on local climate, providing support for their scientific and reasonable planning and layout, as well as the sustainable development of wind and solar energy. Method The paper reviewed existing research results in this field and summarized the research methods, impact mechanisms, research processes and achievements on local climate effects of wind farms and photovoltaic power plants. Result Wind turbines operation causes local climate change as a momentum sink and turbulence source, which reduce the wind speed in the downwind direction on the one hand, and affect the exchange of energy and matter between land and air by changing the turbulent motion of the boundary layer on the other hand. Furthermore, the momentum, wind speed, sensible and latent heat fluxes in the near surface layer are changed directly and precipitation and cloud cover are changed indirectly. The construction of photovoltaic power plants has significantly changed the characteristics of the land surface and led to changes in the energy budget and distribution between land and air, the environmental temperature cooling effect and the heating effect exist simultaneously, which in turn produces feedback on the local climate system. The environmental temperature cooling effect is caused by physical obstruction, surface evaporation reducing and conversion of radiation energy into electrical energy. The heating effect is caused by the heat release of photovoltaic modules during the photoelectric conversion process and the weakening of nighttime radiation cooling on the surface. The integrated operation of wind and photovoltaic power may form a positive feedback mechanism of increased surface roughness/reduced albedo - increased precipitation - increased vegetation, leads to increased local climate change. Conclusion In the context of building a new power system with new energy as the main body, the construction of large-scale wind and photovoltaic bases with a focus on deserts, gobi and wasteland areas has become a top priority for the development of new energy in the 14th Five-Year Plan period from 2021 to 2025. The research on its impact on the climate and environment needs to be continuously carried out.
In Press
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-334
Abstract:
Introduction The implementation of carbon neutrality and carbon peaking policies has promoted the rapid development of wind power, a clean energy source. In recent years, extreme weather and climate events occur frequently, and with the large-scale production and grid connection of wind power, the issue of meteorological disasters in wind farms caused by extreme weather has become more prominent. Extreme weather not only poses severe challenges to wind power development, but may also affect the grid stability and reliability of power supply. Therefore, it is necessary to deeply understand the mechanism of how extreme weather affects wind power development, and take effective prevention and response measures to ensure the healthy and safe development of the wind power industry. Method By reviewing the recently published literature on meteorological disasters in wind farms, the paper classified the high-impact weather affecting wind power development into two major categories: extreme weather and adverse weather. It summarized the impacts of extreme weather such as typhoon, strong wind, lightning, rainstorm, sandstorm, cryogenic freezing and high temperature, as well as adverse weather such as calm breeze wind, salt spray and sea fog, on wind farm planning, resource assessment, survey and design, installation construction, infrastructure, wind power output and wind power prediction during the planning and design, construction, and operation stage of wind farm. Result In the planning and design stage, it is necessary to identify and assess the risks of high-impact weather, and carry out scientific macro and micro site selection. In the construction stage, rainstorm, cryogenic freezing and so on can affect transportation and delay the construction period; strong winds, heavy rain and so on affect hoisting and cause operational risks; sea fog, lightning and so on may affect the safety of offshore wind power construction. In the production and operation stage, high-impact weather can lead to large-scale shutdown of wind farms and loss of output, and even threaten the safe and stable operation of the power grid. Except for tropical cyclones of a certain intensity, other high-impact weather events are not conducive to wind power output. The frequent occurrence of high-impact weather leads to a reduction in the accuracy of wind power forecasting. Conclusion Finally, measures to cope with high-impact weather are proposed, including strengthening emergency management and high-impact weather monitoring and early warning, considering the impact of high-impact weather on wind power forecasting, and strengthening the construction of energy storage system.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-182
Abstract:
Introduction The purpose is to reveal the ways, extents and differences in how electricity consumption across various regions in China is influenced by temperature changes. Method Data on monthly total social electricity consumption and corresponding average temperatures for 29 provinces municipalities and autonomous regions from 2008 to 2020 were collected. Monthly meteorological electricity consumption and relative meteorological electricity consumption were calculated for each province, along with trend coefficients and correlation coefficients with concurrent temperatures. National distribution maps of these parameters were drawn, and their spatial differences and possible causes were analyzed. Result The results show that: (1) With rising summer temperatures, meteorological electricity consumption shows an increasing trend, especially significant in the eastern regions, Chongqing, and Shaanxi, while it is not significant in western and northern regions (such as Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu and Heilongjiang). The trend coefficients of relative meteorological electricity consumption also vary significantly among regions with a significant relationship, with an average trend coefficient of 1.5%/℃ in the three northeastern provinces, reaching 5%/℃ in Central China and Eastern China (excluding Fujian), and about 3%/℃ in Guangxi, Chongqing and Shaanxi. (2) Winter temperature changes also have a certain relationship with electricity consumption in various regions of China. When winter temperatures decrease, electricity consumption shows an increasing trend, and a significant relationship is observed in most areas of China, except for the southern coastal regions and Guizhou, with an extremely significant relationship extending from the northeast and north China to the southwest region. The trend coefficients of relative meteorological electricity consumption range from -2.0%/℃ to -7.5%/℃. (3) Spatial correlation analysis shows that summer meteorological electricity consumption and the trend coefficients of relative meteorological electricity consumption are significantly positively correlated with temperature. For each 1℃ increase in temperature, both meteorological electricity consumption and relative meteorological electricity consumption show a significant increase, while in winter, the correlation is weakly negative. Conclusion These results have important reference value for energy demand forecasting, energy supply assurance, addressing climate change, and achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-124
Abstract:
Introduction The Hunan-Guangxi Corridor, rich in wind resources, is a channel for cold air to move southward into Guangxi. Every winter, there are often severe weather conditions such as low temperatures and freezing, which can lead to problems such as ice coating on wind turbine blades, changes in material and structural properties, and changes in load, resulting in reduced service life of wind turbines and affecting power generation capacity. In Guangxi, the impact of cold wave and low temperature weather on wind power generation has received widespread attention. Low temperature conditions have a significant impact on the operation phase of wind farms. Currently, there are few studies that statistically analyze the operation of wind turbines under low-temperature conditions and their impacts. Method This paper utilized real-time observation data and 0.25 × 0.25 reanalysis data from the European Center ERA5, as well as data from wind energy companies in Guangxi on ice induced shutdowns and wind curtailment power losses. An analysis was conducted on the impact of the low temperature and freezing weather from December 15 to 24, 2023 on the high-altitude wind power generation in northern Guilin. Simultaneously, the formation mechanism and forecasting techniques of Guilin's severe low temperature and freezing weather were analyzed. Result It is found that there is a correlation between environmental temperature, air humidity, and wind power loss, and a correlation formula is derived. Conclusion This research provides a foundation for further prediction and early warning of low temperature weather and wind power generation in Guilin high-altitude wind farm. Using temperature forecasting products from numerical forecasting, the number of daily shutdowns and power losses in the future can be predicted in advance, assisting in wind power forecasting. At the same time, high-precision freezing disaster weather forecast and warning can optimize customer resource allocation, reduce customer property losses, and ensure personnel and equipment safety.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-231
Abstract:
Introduction In recent years, under the continuous promotion of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality policy, offshore wind power hydrogen production has made great progress in China as an important technology for renewable hydrogen production. The article reviews the technological routes, development status and challenges in the offshore wind power hydrogen production industry within China. Based on the analysis, it presents targeted countermeasures and recommendations, aiming to provide a foundation of insights and references for the future application and advancement of offshore wind power in the region. Method Through an investigation of the research and development progress in offshore wind power hydrogen production technologies both domestically and internationally, the technological advancements and constraints were analyzed across three key dimensions: offshore wind-to-hydrogen systems, electrolytic hydrogen production technologies, and offshore hydrogen storage and transportation solutions. By evaluating the current overall development status of the industry, the current development advantages and constraints of the industry were analyzed from the aspects such as policy frameworks, market structures, and technological pathways. Result The analysis highlights the existing strengths and development constraints of the industry. Notably, the industry demonstrates a diversified development trajectory, positively influencing the renewable hydrogen sector and promoting continuous advancements in electrolyzer capacity. Nonetheless, several critical challenges persist, including the absence of breakthroughs in core technologies, dependence on imported key components, elevated life cycle costs, and gaps in regulatory and policy support. These factors collectively represent significant barriers to the sustained growth and advancement of the offshore wind-powered hydrogen production industry. Conclusion It is concluded that in the process of actively developing the offshore wind power hydrogen industry, the hidden bottleneck constraints should be guarded against, from the perspective of policy standards, industrial layout, core technology, etc., China should scientifically design and reasonably layout, to promote the development of the combination of offshore wind power and hydrogen industry, and to help achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-244
Abstract:
Introduction As one of the new energy storage technologies, vertical gravity energy storage has become a research hotspot in the field of energy storage because of its high safety and environmental friendliness. Systems based on the traditional rotary motors can only transport a single heavy load and cannot meet the various power level requirements of the power grid by changing the number of different loads transported. The application of linear motors, however, can effectively address this issue. Therefore, the vertical gravity energy storage systems using linear motors have garnered significant attention. Method This paper introduced the basic working principle of vertical gravity energy storage systems using linear motors and summarized the current system structures and the design of linear motors within these systems. Result The results show that due to the long-distance movement of the vertical gravity energy storage device and the large mass of the load block, a linear motor with large thrust and magnet and coil windings mounted on the mover is required. Current research focuses on consequent-pole linear vernier hybrid machines, flux-switched permanent magnet linear motors, and linear switched reluctance motors. All three types of motors are suitable for vertical gravity energy storage systems due to their unique characteristics and advantages. Conclusion It is evident that compared with the traditional rotary motor systems, systems using linear motors offer numerous advantages, and will gradually become the mainstream solution for vertical gravity energy storage technology. Given the system characteristics of vertical gravity energy storage, the selection of linear motors is crucial. If the structure of linear motors is specifically designed for vertical energy storage systems, the excellent performance of the storage system will be better leveraged to promote the widespread application of vertical gravity energy storage technology.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-319
Abstract:
Introduction With the proposal of the "carbon peak" and "carbon neutrality" goals, the global push for the transformation of the energy structure is accelerating the construction of new power systems dominated by renewable energy. The intermittency and instability of the new energy sources connected to the grid place higher demands on energy storage technologies. Gravity energy storage, as a novel physical energy storage technology, has broad prospects for development. However, its output power lacks stability, and the power curve urgently needs to be optimized. Method This paper analyzed the operation process of a shaft-based gravity energy storage system and established physical, efficiency, and power models. Based on these three fundamental models, an overall model for multi-objective optimization was developed with the goals of stabilizing power output and minimizing fluctuation rates. Constraints were set by combining the three models with real-world conditions to determine the optimal parameter configuration for the weight during operation. Result Simulation verification of the energy storage system shows that the established overall model effectively optimizes the output power curve at the grid demand power levels of 30 MW, 40 MW, and 50 MW. The optimized fluctuation rates are 3.9%, 4.6% and 8.7%, respectively. Conclusion Based on the proposed optimization model, under the condition of constant medium mass of the weight, the output power fluctuation increases as the grid demand power level rises. When the power level increases by 20 MW, the power fluctuation rate increases by 4.8%. Under the condition of constant grid demand power level, the output power fluctuation rate decreases as the medium mass of the weight increases. When the mass of the weight increases from 80 t to 150 t, the power fluctuation rate at 40 MW decreases by 4.2%. The model demonstrates good feasibility and provides valuable guidance for future vertical gravity energy storage projects.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-247
Abstract:
Introduction As a new type of energy storage means, shaft-type gravity energy storage technology has unique advantages of low environmental pollution, low construction cost and high efficiency, and has a wide application prospect, but the research on the power generation characteristics and influencing factors of the system itself is still imperfect. The power generation efficiency of the shaft-type gravity energy storage system is one of the important indicators of the energy storage system. Method In this paper, through the mathematical modeling of the efficiency model of the shaft-type gravity energy storage system, the influencing factors of efficiency in case of three different heavy block fall curves were studied, and the influence trend of these factors on the power generation efficiency of the system was explored through simulation experiments, and then the efficiency characteristics of the three velocity curves were compared and analyzed. Result The results show that the falling speed has a significant effect on the efficiency of the system, and the power generation efficiency can be improved by reducing the speed appropriately. The height of the shaft and the mass of the heavy block have little effect on the efficiency of power generation. For the three velocity curves, the power generation efficiency of trapezoidal and triangular velocity curves was less affected by other factors, while the parabolic velocity curve was more sensitive to the influence of other factors, and the power generation efficiency was relatively smaller, and the trapezoidal velocity curve has the highest system efficiency under the same conditions. Under the premise of heavy blocks with large weights, the power generation efficiency of the three velocity curves was less affected by other factors. Conclusion Therefore, using heavy blocks with large weights, reducing the maximum falling speed of heavy blocks, and adopting the trapezoidal velocity curve can significantly improve the power generation efficiency to achieve better system performance.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-219
Abstract:
Introduction In the context of the "30·60" carbon peak and neutrality targets, this paper’s purpose is to address the problem of poor power balance performance in integrated energy systems caused by the uncertainty and discontinuity of renewable energy. Method This paper constructed a hydrogen-electricity coupling link that included hydrogen production from electrolyzed water coupled with gas hydrogen blending technology and hydrogen storage, established a punishment mechanism for wind and solar curtailment, and constructed an optimization and scheduling model for integrated energy system that included hydrogen-electricity coupling link. To address the problems of getting stuck in local optima and slow convergence speed during the solution process, the Pied Kingfisher Optimizer (PKO) algorithm was introduced. Result The model aims to minimize the total system cost as the objective function, and solves for the optimal scheduling results of the output of each energy network unit; Compared with traditional optimization algorithms, PKO has a faster convergence speed and is better able to achieve the goal of global optimal solution. Conclusion Case analysis indicates that using the model and method proposed in this paper reduces the total cost by 15.04% and 6.99% respectively compared to other schemes, effectively improving the utilization level of new energy in the integrated energy system, reducing the total system cost, and making it more economical.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-218
Abstract:
Introduction With the proposal of "carbon peak, carbon neutrality" goal, the concept of low-carbon environmental protection has been raised to a new height. As energy terminals, the parks have become an important carrier of low-carbon emission reduction. Method Aiming at the operation economy of the integrated energy system in the parks with electricity-gas-heat coupling and the problem of wind and light curtailment, an operation method of the integrated energy optimization in the parks based on electricity-to-gas （P2G） conversion was proposed. The electrolysis tanks, methane reactors and hydrogen fuel cells were introduced to replace the traditional P2G, providing an effective method for new energy consumption. Result In order to further reduce the carbon dioxide emissions in the parks, a stepped carbon trading mechanism based on the carbon excess rate was introduced. Taking the daily operating cost of the parks as the optimization target, an optimal scheduling model was established to set constraints to satisfy the supply/demand balance of the integrated energy system and the operation of the equipment in the parks. The results show a 12.4% reduction in system operating costs, a 16.2% reduction in system carbon emissions, and a 29.3% and 25.7% increase in wind and photovoltaic utilization, respectively. Conclusion The CPLEX business solver is used as a solution, and the proposed strategy is compared and verified to effectively improve the economy and low carbon of the integrated energy system in the parks by setting up multiple operation scenarios, which provides a strong support for the parks to achieve the goal of carbon emission reduction.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-140
Abstract:
Introduction The frame gravity energy storage system has a wide range of application prospects due to its high economic benefits, low system costs, and unrestricted geographical conditions. Method The paper studied the profit variation rules of the frame gravity energy storage system throughout its life cycle in detail by applying the leveled net present value of electricity (LNPVE) model. The paper, based on the net present value of capital flow in gravity energy storage systems, first built a levelized revenue of electricity (LROE) model which includes initial investment, discount rate, feed-in tariff, and government subsidies; then, built the LNPVE model on the basis of the LROE model and the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) model; and finally explored the changes of LCOE, LROE, LNPVE, total net present value income and total discounted cost when the discount rate, feed-in tariff, service life and charge-discharge efficiency of the system change, to comprehensively consider the impact of different parameters on the economic efficiency of the system. Result The increase in the discount rate, service life, and charge-discharge efficiency of the system will improve the economic efficiency of the system. In addition, as the service life of the system increases, the LNPVE of the system decreases while the total net present value income increases. Therefore, it is more appropriate to comprehensively consider multiple factors when evaluating the economic efficiency of the system. Conclusion The LNPVE model studied here can provide a reference for the construction and profit analysis of frame gravity energy storage systems.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-139
Abstract:
Introduction Gravity energy storage, as a new form of energy storage, plays an increasingly important role in balancing power supply and demand, responding to intermittent energy fluctuations, and other aspects of the power system. Method Focusing on the gravity energy storage system based on ground structure and slope gravity energy storage, the paper analyzed in detail the research status of these two forms of gravity energy storage both domestically and internationally. Firstly, compared with traditional energy storage forms, the working principle and advantages of gravity energy storage were provided. Then, the research status and economic cost analysis of the gravity energy storage system based on ground structure and slope gravity energy storage structures were presented. Then, two typical types of slope gravity energy storage system structures, i.e. mountain mining car type and mountain cable car type, were introduced in detail, and the effect of parameters such as slope and weight on system efficiency and cost performance was explained. Finally, prospects and suggestions were given for the technical characteristics of gravity energy storage systems. Result The gravity energy storage system based on the ground structure is stable and has a high initial investment cost, making it suitable for users with large power fluctuations. The slope gravity energy storage features low construction cost and simple operation and is suitable for users in high mountain terrain with low power demand. Conclusion With the gradual maturity of gravity energy storage technology and its continuous cost reduction, it will play an important supporting role in the construction of power systems as a new type of energy storage in the future.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-108
Abstract:
Introduction During the hydrogen production process at hydrogen refueling stations, the mixture of ethanol and hydrogen can easily form a combustible gas, which may explode if ignited by sparks or high temperatures. In order to reduce the risk of explosion during hydrogen production and storage at hydrogen refueling stations, experimental research is essential. Method The explosion characteristic parameters were analyzed for hydrogen-ethanol-air mixture with different equivalence ratios and ethanol blending ratios at 1 bar and 400 K. By calculating the flammability limit and deflagration index of mixed gas, the degree of explosion hazard was evaluated, and effective safety measures were formulated to reduce the risk of explosion. Result The experimental research results show that an increase in the equivalence ratio will shorten the explosion time, making it ultimately tend to a stable value. The stable explosion times corresponding to hydrogen volume fractions (30%, 50%, 70%) are 0.03 s, 0.025 s, and 0.019 s. The maximum explosion pressure, maximum pressure rise rate, and deflagration index all increase and then decrease with the increase of equivalence ratio, reaching their peak at an equivalence ratio of 1.3. The flammability limit of the mixed gas continues to decrease with the addition of ethanol, and the decrease in UELmixture (upper flammability limit of mixture) is significantly higher than that in LELmixture (lower flammability limit of mixture). In addition, the maximum pressure rise rate and deflagration index show a significant decreasing trend with the addition of ethanol, and the maximum deflagration index calculated for this research is 11.85 MPa·m/s. Conclusion The research results have revealed the effect of equivalence ratio and blending ratio on the explosion characteristics of mixed fuels, providing a solid theoretical basis for reducing explosion risks in hydrogen production and storage processes at hydrogen refueling stations.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-179
Abstract:
Introduction With the depletion of fossil fuels and bio-fuels' emergence, ethanol-hydrogen hybrid fuel as a new generation of renewable clean fuel has attracted wide attention, so it is necessary to study the effect of ethanol-hydrogen premixed flame combustion characteristics. Method Based on the constant volume combustion system and combined with high-speed schlieren technology, the effects of the equivalent ratio and pressure on the laminar combustion characteristics of ethanol-hydrogen premixed flame were studied under the conditions of initial temperature of 370 K, hydrogen ratio of 50%, equivalent ratio of 0.7~1.4 and initial pressure of 1, 2 and 4 bar. Focusing on the propagation combustion characteristics of the flame, the laminar combustion velocity was calculated and its influencing factors were analyzed. The relevant reaction model was established with the help of Chemkin simulation platform, and the chemical dynamics of the laminar combustion characteristics were analyzed in detail by using Marinov's ethanol oxidation reaction mechanism. Result The results showed that the laminar combustion velocity was positively correlated with the adiabatic flame temperature and reached the maximum value around φ=1.1. The pressure significantly affects the net heat release rate, and the peak value occurs in the higher temperature region with a greater equivalent ratio. R1:H+O2⇔O+OH represents the most sensitive reaction which promotes the laminar combustion velocity of the flame. With the increase of pressure, the peak molar fraction of H, OH, and O free radicals gradually decreased and moved upstream. With the increase of the equivalent ratio, the molar fraction of H and O free radicals gradually decreased, and the molar fraction of OH free radicals first increased and then decreased. Conclusion The equivalent ratio, pressure and active free radicals have significant effects on the laminar combustion characteristics of ethanol-hydrogen premixed fuel, which can provide theoretical basis for subsequent studies.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2023-361
Abstract:
Introduction With the digital development of nuclear power, more and more nuclear power equipment data can be collected, and the operation and maintenance personnel can obtain the operation conditions of each equipment through data analysis. Accurate operation condition classification of nuclear power equipment is the basis for realizing the health assessment and anomaly discovery of nuclear power equipment. However, due to the wide variety of sensors inside the nuclear power equipment, the amount of data to be analyzed is too large, which brings great challenges to the manual classification of the operation conditions of nuclear power equipment. To achieve accurate and rapid automatic classification of nuclear power equipment operation conditions, this paper proposes a self-supervised learning algorithm for nuclear power operation condition classification based on TICC clustering. Method Firstly, the historical operation data of nuclear power equipment was normalized, and the elbow method was used to determine the optimal cluster number. Then the TICC clustering algorithm was used to classify the historical operation data of nuclear power equipment, and the data fragments of each condition were labeled by the classification results. Finally, the labeled condition data was used to train the convolutional neural network to obtain the condition classification model. Ultimately, the real operation data of nuclear power equipment was used for verification. Result The experimental results show that the classification accuracy of the proposed algorithm is 96.6%, and the classification needs only 3.2 seconds. Conclusion Compared with the K-means algorithm and TICC algorithm, the algorithm proposed in this paper has a great improvement in accuracy and classification speed, and the algorithm can effectively help nuclear power operation and maintenance personnel complete the classification of operating conditions of nuclear power equipment.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-099
Abstract:
Introduction The safe operation of nuclear power equipment is crucial for nuclear power plants (NPPs), and the losses caused by accidents are immeasurable. Therefore, effective anomaly detection for nuclear power equipment is necessary. Considering the limitations of fixed thresholds and manual detection methods, which are difficult to adapt to the dynamic changes in time series data, this paper proposes an anomaly detection method based on POT for multivariate statistical processes. Method This paper adopted PCA to construct an anomaly detection model, where the SPE statistic of the model served as the initial threshold for the POT algorithm. Subsequently, the portion exceeding the initial threshold was fitted with a generalized Pareto distribution to determine the final dynamic threshold. An anomaly warning was issued when the anomaly score exceeded the final threshold. By combining multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) with extreme value theory (EVT), this method used MSPC to discover anomalies in the operating data of NPPs quickly and improved the sensitivity and reliability of anomaly detection by modeling and analyzing extreme events, so that it can quickly detect anomalies in high-dimensional operating data of NPPs. Result In the simulation experiment results, the proposed method has a higher accuracy and recall rate than conventional multivariate statistical and POT methods. In experiments with actual operating data from different equipment in NPPs, the method's effectiveness in anomaly detection has been demonstrated. Conclusion By combining MPSC with EVT, the anomaly detection method proposed in this paper can not only detect anomalies caused by changes in data relationships but also avoid false detection in traditional MSPC by determining the final threshold using the POT method. This method can handle high-dimensional time series operating data of NPPs, improve the efficiency of anomaly detection, ensure the safe and efficient operation of NPPs, and improve their economic benefits.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-180
Abstract:
Introduction The study aims to comprehensively and systematically explore the current development status of molten salt reactor (MSR) technology, clarify the advantages of MSR as the fourth-generation nuclear power technology, and analyze the major challenges facing its commercialization. By analyzing the development history, technical classification, and research and development progress in various countries, the study provides valuable references for the future development of MSR technology. Method Using the research methods of literature review and comparative analysis, the development history of MSR technology was reviewed, the different types of MSR technology were classified in detail, and the latest progress in MSR technology research and development in countries such as the United States, China, Russia, France, and Canada was deeply analyzed. Meanwhile, based on actual cases such as the MSRE experimental reactor and the TMSR project, the key technical progress and major challenges of MSR technology were discussed. In addition, the impact of international cooperation and technological innovation on the development of MSR technology was also analyzed. Result It is found that MSR technology has been widely concerned globally due to its advantages of high safety and high fuel utilization rate. The United States has verified the engineering feasibility of MSR through the MSRE experimental reactor, and China has made important progress in molten salt preparation and purification in the TMSR project. Russia, France, Canada, and other countries have also made significant achievements in the field of MSR technology. However, the commercialization of MSR technology still faces many challenges, including supply chain construction, fuel supply, regulatory framework adaptation, waste treatment, safety assurance measures, and complex maintenance and operation. Conclusion Although MSR technology faces many challenges, its advantages in safety, fuel utilization rate, and design flexibility give it broad development prospects. International cooperation and technological innovation are key factors in promoting the progress of MSR technology. With the continuous advancement of related technologies, these challenges are gradually being resolved. In the future, MSR technology is expected to become an important support for the global energy structure transformation, playing a crucial role in improving fuel utilization, reducing nuclear waste generation, and enhancing reactor safety. As research deepens and technology matures, MSR technology is expected to achieve commercialization and contribute to the global clean energy transition.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2023-308
Abstract:
Introduction Wind turbine generator systems (WTGS) are prone to various types of failures due to the harsh operating environment. For the main bearing, a central component of the transmission system, it is difficult to detect and evaluate its early failure, and offshore operations are restricted by limited weather windows. How to accurately evaluate the operating conditions of the main bearings of offshore units has become a major difficulty for the industry. Method The study focused on the operation condition of the main bearing of an offshore direct-drive generator with a capacity of 7 MW. The transmission process of the wind wheel load in the transmission chain was deduced by the theoretical formula, and the radial load and axial load on the main bearing were obtained. Through the finite element calculation and analysis of the main bearing, the load distribution within the bearing raceway was obtained, which was mutually verified with the theoretical derivation, and the position of the vibration monitoring point was determined preliminarily. Result Finally, according to the position of the bearing measuring point, the vibration monitoring is carried out in the WTGS site, and a clear time-domain vibration curve is obtained. The vibration monitoring results such as the effective value of the vibration of the main bearing, the response frequency of the impact signal, and the acceleration envelope characteristics are analyzed. Combined with the detection results of the grease composition inside the bearing, the damage degree of main bearing's specific components is qualitatively judged. Conclusion This study has identified the measuring point position of the main bearing of multi-megawatt direct-drive offshore WTGS, and accurately assessed the operating condition of the main bearing, which can provide technical support for design and maintenance personnel.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-058
Abstract:
Introduction Energy is widely considered the fuel of industry and the lifeline of the national economy. The impressive economic and development achievement of Guangdong after reform and opening up relied heavily on the support and logistical backing from the development of its energy industry. Being a major energy consumer with limited resources and thus featuring low self-sufficiency in energy, Guangdong has always faced the threat of energy scarcity. After decades of development and transition, its energy sector is gradually evolving into a diversified new energy system composed of traditional thermal power, nuclear power, offshore wind power, and photovoltaic power generation. It has shifted from being a limiting factor in economic production to becoming an integral component of the province's high-tech manufacturing industry chain. Analyzing the economic contribution of energy sector from a macroeconomic perspective holds practical significance for formulating scientific energy industry development plans and promoting high-quality, coordinated development of energy and economy in Guangdong. Method Firstly, a research dataset was established by integrating the indicator data that represent the development of the energy sector and economy in Guangdong. Subsequently, both the vector autoregression model and the Feder two-sector production function model were employed to conduct a quantitative analysis of the overall economic contribution and spillover effects of Guangdong's energy sector. Result The analysis indicates that, during the late industrialization phase, a mutually reinforcing relationship existed between the energy sector and economic development in Guangdong. The production of the energy sector makes a significant overall contribution to economic growth, with notable spillover effects. However, the economic stimulus effect of energy investments is comparatively low. Conclusion The study empirically estimates the economic contribution of energy sector in Guangdong and based on the findings, suggests recommendations for high-quality development of Guangdong's energy sector. These can serve as references for the development planning and policy-making of Guangdong's energy development.
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2023-294
Abstract:
Introduction Gas-steam combined cycle units have been widely used in combined heat and power, but their minimum power generation is limited by heat supply. Especially during the winter heating period in the north, gas-steam combined cycle units cannot reduce their output, thus impeding the grid integration of wind energy and causing wind curtailment. Method To address this issue, this paper investigates whether utilizing the operational flexibility of gas-steam combined cycle units in combined heat and power dispatch can promote wind power accommodation. To this end, a mathematical model was established to describe the diversified operating modes of gas-steam combined cycle units, then an economic dispatch model for combined heat and power considering wind power accommodation was constructed to co-optimize the unit commitment of coal-fired units, the operating modes of gas-steam combined cycle units, and the output distribution and reserve sharing among units. Result Case simulations revealed that during difficult periods of wind power accommodation, switching gas-steam combined cycle units from the two-on-one mode to one-on-one mode can reduce the wind curtailment rate by 1.28%, and switching them from extraction condensing to back pressure mode can reduce the wind curtailment rate by 4.55%. Conclusion Case analysis shows that making full use of the mode switching ability of gas-steam combined cycle units in combined heat and power dispatch can reduce the output of units during periods of high heat load, increase the wind power accommodation space to reduce the wind curtailment, increase the output ranges of units during periods of low heat load, thereby providing spinning reserve for the system and optimizing the reserve sharing among units.
Strategies for Improving the Safety and Operational Reliability of High-Voltage Frequency Converters
Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2023-184
Abstract:
Introduction "Energy saving and emission reduction" is the national technical requirement for industrial projects in recent years, and the frequency conversion technology can make process equipment adjust output under different working conditions, thereby saving resources. However, frequency converters are power electronic devices, and the failure rate of IGBT components is relatively high, and the requirements for the operating environment are harsh. Therefore, it is very important to improve the safety and operational reliability of high-voltage frequency converters. Method In the case of failure of individual power units of the high-voltage frequency converter, according to the neutral point drift technology, the position of the neutral point and the angle between the three-phase voltages are adjusted, so that the high-voltage frequency converter can bypass some faulty power units can still operate normally; Send the real-time status of the high-voltage inverter to the DCS, and realize the automatic bypass technology of the high-voltage inverter according to the logic configuration of the DCS; Set up a separate high-voltage inverter room to provide a relatively good operating environment for high-voltage inverters through air conditioning, ventilation, and air duct systems. Result After adopting the internal strategy and external environment strategy for the high-voltage inverter, the failure rate of the high-voltage inverter is reduced, and the safe operation time of the high-voltage inverter is prolonged. Conclusion The use of neutral point drift technology and the automatic bypass technology of the whole machine can reduce the failure probability and frequency of high-voltage inverters, and jointly improve the temperature and humidity conditions of the operating environment, which can increase the continuous and reliable operation time of the inverter, to greatly improve the safety and operation reliability of inverters.
Display Method:
2025, 12(1)
Abstract:
2025, 12(1): 1-11
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-306
Abstract:
Objective This paper aims to explore dynamic modeling methods for airborne wind energy systems (AWEs) and trajectory tracking control methods for stable trajectories of kite trains and between kite trains when subjected to longitudinal disturbances in high-altitude wind fields. Method Taking a 25 MW-level kite-based AWEs as an example, this study investigated the mechanical response characteristics of kite arrays and constructed a multi-rigid body dynamic model of the kite-based system. In a simulated environment replicating high-altitude wind fields subjected to longitudinal disturbances, the study employed kite attitude control to design synchronous control laws, enabling trajectory tracking and ensuring operational safety of the kite-based system. Result The results demonstrate that adjusting the effective windward area of the kite can mitigate longitudinal disturbances caused by variations in high-altitude wind fields, leading to the convergence of errors between the actual and desired trajectories of the kite-based system. Moreover, based on the synchronous control laws designed, synchronization among multiple kite- based systems has been achieved, thereby ensuring collision-free and safe operation. Conclusion Using kite attitude control as a basis, a synchronous control strategy can be designed for the operation of kite-based AWEs, thereby achieving the objective of safe and efficient operation control in dynamic high-altitude wind environments.
2025, 12(1): 12-21
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-257
Abstract:
Objective Friction winch is the main working equipment for Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES). To overcome the difficulties of high cable tension, high linear velocity and complex working conditions during its operation to meet the requirements of long service life, high reliability and high safety, a floating double drum friction winch mechanism based on pressure bearing wheels is proposed. Method The key components of the pressure bearing wheel and drum were optimized using finite element analysis software. A force analysis model for the friction winch was established and subjected to mechanical analysis. The variable density method was used to optimize the topology of the internal support structure of the pressure bearing wheel. Parameterized modeling of the drum was conducted, followed by sensitivity analysis to screen out structural parameters with significant sensitivity to maximum stress, mean stress and geometric mass. Using the central composite experimental design method, a response surface model was established for the drum's stress, mass and main design structural parameters. Result By taking the minimum strain energy as the objective and the internal support volume of the pressure bearing wheel as the constraint, the optimization achieves a 36% reduction in the structural mass of the pressure bearing wheel, and its strength is verified to meet the requirements by applying loads at different locations. Sensitivity analysis is used to screen the structural parameters of the drum, and a response surface model of the drum is established for multi-objective optimization. This results in a drum optimization design that achieves a 16.6% reduction in mass while meeting strength requirements. Conclusion Based on finite element analysis simulation software, the key components of the friction winch are optimized and the feasibility of the above configuration was verified. This not only reduces manufacturing costs and improves economic efficiency but also addresses challenges such as bearing selection, vibration and thermal expansion in high-speed, heavy-duty winches.
2025, 12(1): 22-30
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-370
Abstract:
Objective At present, domestic and international research on high-altitude wind power generation technology has been carried out, mainly in the fields of operation control, mechanism analysis and system design, but no research results have been found in the field of high-altitude wind power station operation and maintenance. Method This paper proposed a design scheme of intelligent operation and maintenance assistance system for high-altitude wind power stations, which provided ideas for the future popularization and application of intelligent operation and maintenance technology in high-altitude wind power stations and the promotion of digital operation and maintenance construction. Based on the investigation of China's first demonstrative high-altitude wind power station with an umbrella-ladder combination system, the pain points of operation and maintenance at the present stage were analyzed, and a set of intelligent operation and maintenance assistance system was designed to solve the problems such as scattered monitoring and background in the station, various operating data forms, unsystematic equipment records and inconvenient tracing of fault maintenance history. Result Based on microservices, an intelligent operation and maintenance visualization platform for high-altitude wind power station is developed to realize centralized monitoring of power generation system equipment status, standardization of equipment records and maintenance ticket process, monitoring of operating environment safety, active identification of dangerous events and output alarm. Conclusion High-altitude wind power station is an emerging concept in energy sector. The design of its intelligent operation and maintenance platform should first focus on improving the centralized visualization degree of power station operation data, promoting the digital management mode of equipment and ensuring the safety of power station operation environment, so as to match the operation and maintenance requirements of power station in the initial stage. With the advance in the core control technology, equipment selection and manufacturing technology of high-altitude wind power generation system in the future, the intelligent operation and maintenance technology of high-altitude wind power station can be adapted to the progress, and further promote the rise of high-altitude wind power station.
2025, 12(1): 31-42
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-423
Abstract:
Objective New energy power generation is expected to continue its development characterized by large scale, high proportion, marketization and high quality in the future. Advancing the energy revolution and accelerating the development of new energy systems are significantly influenced by meteorological issues. Method This study analyzed the relationship between key aspects of new energy systems and weather and climate. It highlighted the important role of meteorological work for new energy systems in three fields: support, integration and guarantee. The study presented the development history of wind and solar energy resource assessment technologies in China, covering resource assessment technology, assessment methods for technically available resources and key technical issues for the latest round of wind and solar energy resource censuses. Additionally, it examined the forecast demand and forecast period divisions for wind and solar energy, introduced the technical progress and main products of the China meteorological administration in ultra-short, short, medium, and long-term forecasts, and discussed the implementation of the precise meteorological service demonstration plan for wind and solar power generation (SDP). Result Wind and solar energy resource assessment technologies have seen significant improvements; however, they also face challenges posed by large-scale wind turbine generation systems and the diversified utilization of solar energy. Consequently, there is a pressing need to continuously develop new resource assessment technologies to meet the demands of the energy industry. Additionally, enhancing the accuracy of wind and solar energy forecasts requires breakthroughs in methodology. Developing meteorological forecast correction and power prediction models for wind and solar power generation stations, based on the principle of applying a tailored policy to each station, will be a crucial strategy for enhancing forecast accuracy. Conclusion Meteorological work should be guided by the Guidelines for High-Quality Meteorology Development (2022-2035) issued by the State Council. It is essential to continually strengthen scientific and technological innovation, as well as social service capabilities, in order to make positive contributions to the high-quality development of new energy systems.
2025, 12(1): 43-57
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-367
Abstract:
Objective In recent years, climate warming and other factors have led to a rise in extreme weather events globally. Simultaneously, under the "carbon peak - carbon neutral" goal, the integration of fluctuating renewable energy including wind and solar energy, extensive use of power electronics and long-distance ultra-high-voltage transmission have reshaped traditional power grids. These changes have increased the exposure of primary equipment to harsh environments, intensifying the vulnerability of power systems to extreme weather impacts. Method This paper reviewed the impact of recent extreme weather events, such as typhoons, heavy rainfall and ice storms, on power system equipment and operations. It explored systemic risk performance in depth in new power systems through case studies and proposed strategies for refined modeling, systemic risk assessment and cross-disciplinary collaboration across disaster scenarios. Result The research shows that extreme weather significantly increases the risks of equipment failures and system instability, with high renewable energy penetration amplifying the impact of failure propagation. Conclusion The safe operation of power systems under the dual pressure of in-depth construction of new power systems and intensified impact of extreme weather relies on improvement of equipment risk modeling, systemic risk control and cross- disciplinary collaboration mechanisms. Therefore, future research should focus on building multi-dimensional joint risk assessment of power systems. In addition, the paper points out the significance of strengthening in-depth integration of power systems and meteorological systems for enhancing risk prediction and dynamic response capabilities of the system, thus providing scientific basis and technical support for improving the system resilience.
Thinking on the Meteorological Services to Ensure the Development of a System for New Energy Sources
2025, 12(1): 58-64
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-234
Abstract:
Objective Clean and low-carbon production is the core target of a system for new energy sources, and which construction is an important measure to realize the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Meteorological factors and disasters have great impacts on the stable and safe operation of the power grid. It is necessary to build a high-quality meteorological service system according to the needs of the construction of a system for new energy sources. Method In this paper, literature and policy research and expert consultation methods were adopted. Based on the analysis of the relevant policie measures of a system for new energy sources, the future development direction of the energy meteorological service was studied, and the development proposals of the meteorological service system for the construction of a system for new energy sources were put forward. Result The research shows that service departments at various levels of China Meteorological Administration have deliverd energy meteorological services in wind power, solar power, hydropower, nuclear power, power grid operation, energy consumption etc. The construction of a system for new energy sources puts forward new requirements for meteorological service, such as optimizing the overall layout of meteorological service support for the construction of clean energy bases, strengthening the accuracy of power generation forecast and climate prediction services, and carrying out meteorological service support for various scenarios such as the construction of new energy infrastructure, power generation, storage, transmission and consumption. Conclusion According to the requirements of a system for new energy sources construction, proposals are put forward from aspects such as optimizing the layout of meteorological services, improving service support capabilities, strengthening talent and cooperation mechanisms.
2025, 12(1): 65-74
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-126
Abstract:
Objective Offshore wind power safety is of paramount importance. Meteorological services effectively address forecasting and warning challenges related to high waves, storm surges, severe convection and sea fog that impact wind farm safety, ensuring the secure and efficient operation of offshore wind energy projects. Method This paper took the meteorological services for offshore wind farms in Jiangsu as an example. By utilizing the data assimilation techniques and state-of-the-art artificial intelligence methods, combined with numerical models, it developed key technologies such as wind-wave-current forecasting for offshore wind farms, intelligent forecasting of significant wave height and storm surges, as well as high-impact weather monitoring and forecasting alerts. Ultimately, this led to the refinement of meteorological services and applications for offshore wind farms. The reflections on the empowerment of meteorology in the offshore wind power industry and the enhancement of technological integration across different sectors were presented. Result The results indicate that the spatial and temporal resolution of forecasting elements such as 10 m wind, 100 m wind, and wave height in offshore wind farms has been improved to 1 hour and 3 kilometers. The lead time for forecasting significant wave height and storm surge water level has increased to 72 hours, with an 85% accuracy rate for 6-hour forecasts. The lead time for severe convective warnings has been advanced by 1 hour, and sea fog warnings by half an hour, with a forecast accuracy rate of 92%. The technology has enabled refined meteorological services and applications for multiple working scenarios. Conclusion The application of key technologies in offshore wind farm meteorological services has effectively enhanced the safety production and O & M capabilities of offshore wind power, optimized the power generation efficiency of offshore wind turbine units, reduced the costs and losses of offshore operations, ensured the safety of offshore operations, and minimized losses of life and property. As offshore wind farms continue to evolve, meteorology will increasingly integrate with various disciplines, empowering the development of the entire offshore wind power industry chain.
2025, 12(1): 75-82
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2023-277
Abstract:
Objective This paper aims to explore a novel floating offshore photovoltaic system that not only effectively collects marine solar energy but also performs intelligent climate early warning. Method By integrating offshore photovoltaic technology with intelligent meteorological monitoring technology, we developed a viable intelligent offshore photovoltaic climate early warning platform. Firstly, the floating offshore photovoltaic platform was used to convert solar energy into electrical energy. Secondly, the intelligent monitoring system monitored ocean weather conditions in real-time and gave early warnings to improve the reliability of photovoltaic power generation. Result Tests show that the floating offshore photovoltaic system can effectively collect solar energy under different sea areas and weather conditions, and the intelligent meteorological monitoring system is used to timely give early warnings on the changes in marine meteorology. Conclusion This study finds that the platform has broad application prospects and market potential. It can provide references for the development of marine renewable energy and provide ideas and methods for related research and practice.
2025, 12(1): 83-90
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2023-296
Abstract:
Objective The wind turbine generator (WTG) yaw braking system has application in low-pressure yaw and high-pressure heavy load, and the friction performance between friction pairs is influenced by various parameters between the components of the yaw braking system. Method Based on the friction test bench of disc brakes, this paper simulated the operation of the brakes under different working conditions of the WTG, studied the friction characteristics of organic composite materials under different pressures, velocities and temperatures for dual components of same and different materials, and revealed the influencing factors of different parameters on friction coefficient from the perspective of tribology. Result The results show that under the same surface parameters, different dual component materials have a significant impact on the friction coefficient; The friction coefficient decreases with the increase of braking pressure and relative velocity of the friction pair and the braking pressure has a greater impact factor on the friction coefficient; The friction coefficient is greatly affected by temperature, and the higher the temperature between the friction pairs, the smaller the friction coefficient. Conclusion The research results have important theoretical significance and practical value for the parameter selection and braking control logic of the wind turbine generator yaw braking system.
2025, 12(1): 91-99
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2023-268
Abstract:
Objective In order to better understand the fault characteristics of offshore wind power access system, the impact analysis of AC fault characteristics of offshore wind power access system is carried out. Method The topology analysis of grid-connected transmission system of offshore wind power and the work control principle analysis of offshore wind power electrical structure were presented, including the work control principle analysis of PMSG, the topology and principle analysis of flexible and direct transmission system, the work control principle analysis of offshore converter station, the work control principle analysis of onshore converter station, and the work control principle analysis of offshore converter station. The fault characteristics and mechanism of offshore wind power access system were analyzed from two aspects: asymmetric fault and symmetric fault. Result The simulation model of PSCAD-based offshore wind power transmission through flexible direct transmission is established and verified. The correctness and universal applicability of the proposed mechanism analysis are verified through the simulation analysis of single-phase grounding fault and three-phase grounding fault. Conclusion The simulation results verify the correctness of the fault characteristic mechanism analysis. The symmetric component method can be satisfied with the fault analysis in the system with power electronic equipment access. In the case of asymmetric fault, the in-phase short-circuit current on both sides has a certain phase Angle difference, the negative sequence current on the soft straight side is the largest, and the short-circuit current on the wind side is generally small. There is only positive sequence current in the soft direct side and wind field side, and the phase of in-phase short-circuit current on both sides is almost the same, showing amplitude limitation.
2025, 12(1): 100-108
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2023-230
Abstract:
Objective The traditional research object of offshore wind power transmission is the point-to-point onshore transmission of electricity from a single wind farm, which has limitations, and the economic evaluation method used only considers initial investment, which is not systematic and scientific enough. In response to the current application scenarios of offshore wind power integrated development, this article proposes a method for optimizing the centralized transmission mode of multiple wind farms, guiding the determination of the optimal transmission scheme. Method Technically, according to the working principle, offshore wind power transmission includes three types: AC, DC, and AC DC hybrid, each with its own characteristics and scope of application. In terms of economy, in addition to initial investment, consideration should also be given to the losses, maintenance, shutdown losses, and costs incurred during the operation of the equipment over its service life, as well as the costs incurred during sea area leasing. Symmetric monopole systems and symmetrical bipolar systems should adopt different calculation methods based on system characteristics. Result This article provides six centralized transmission solutions for typical cases, covering all mainstream technical solutions for current AC and DC transmission. Select the optimal delivery plan by comparing the technical and economic aspects of different plans. Conclusion China's offshore wind power is currently moving from small-scale demonstration applications to large-scale integrated development. The optimal method for centralized transmission of offshore wind power from multiple wind farms proposed in this article is deeply in line with the market demand for large-scale centralized transmission of offshore wind power in the future, and has high guiding value.
2025, 12(1): 109-115
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-049
Abstract:
Objective With the promotion of carbon peak and carbon neutrality strategy, offshore wind power has ushered in a period of rapid growth. In 2023, more than 87 offshore wind power project sites in various provinces and cities across the country have identified investment entities or are carrying out project competition, with an installed capacity of more than 58.9 GW. In the future, the deep-sea foundation type will be mainly based on the four-pile jacket foundation, In the process of steel pipe pile penetrating, the surrounding soil will be disturbed, resulting in silt deposit. If the dredging outcome is not ideal, it will affect the strength of the infrastructure, on the other hand, it will affect the safety of fan hoisting. Method The article took a demonstrative wind farm in the East Guangdong Sea as an example. Firstly, this paper analyzed the causes and hazards of silt deposit in view of the characteristics of the wind farm, such as high water depth, poor visibility, high viscosity and large amount of silt removal. Secondly, combined with the successful application of the demonstrative project, the feasibility of the dredging process was verified. Finally, the dredging process could be further improved from three aspects: process optimization, equipment optimization and design optimization. Result Research has shown that the dredging method is optimized by ultra-high pressure hydraulic dredging and air disturbance dredging, the dredging equipment is optimized by robot technology, the elevation of pile top mud surface is adjusted and the rising space of silt is reserved for design optimization. The improved dredging process adapts to the complex conditions in deep sea, and further effectively improves the efficiency of underwater dredging. Conclusion The improved dredging process can be popularized and applied to subsequent deep-sea wind power projects.
2025, 12(1): 116-126
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-088
Abstract:
Objective The offshore step-up substation serves as the central hub for power collection in offshore wind farms, and its inspection, operation and maintenance are crucial to ensuring safe production and improving efficiency. As offshore wind farms continue to expand into deeper and farther waters, the safety risks, operation and maintenance costs, inspection efficiency and other problems brought by the manual inspection mode become even more prominent, leading to the increasing demand for intelligent inspection of offshore wind farms. To effectively address the challenges of frequent inspections, high difficulty and low efficiency in offshore wind power step-up substation, an intelligent robot inspection system is designed in this paper. Method Firstly, a three-layer system architecture of the intelligent inspection system was designed, comprising perception-layer, network-layer and application-layer. Subsequently, detailed information about the robot inspection system was provided, including background management system, robot system design, communication power supply system design, and instrument image recognition technology. Finally, the application steps of the robot were designed from the transformation of the step-up substation, the installation mode of the robot and the inspection task planning. Result The developed robot inspection system is successfully applied to both new and old offshore step-up substations. It realizes remote inspections of equipment status at offshore step-up substations and facilitates intelligent analysis of inspection data. Conclusion The advantages of the proposed robot intelligent inspection system include high efficiency in inspections, reduces management costs and enhanced emergency response capabilities. These improvements significantly enhance operation and maintenance efficiency while reducing costs associated with offshore wind power generation. The research findings have important implications for advancing intelligence in offshore wind power operation and maintenance.
2025, 12(1): 127-140
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-147
Abstract:
Objective Under the background of carbon neutrality, the development of new energy has attracted more attention from countries and regions, and offshore wind farms, based on abundant wind resources, have been vigorously developed by governments. Method The literature related to the offshore wind farms site selection was searched in the Web of Science core database, and the search results were analyzed based on CiteSpace software. Result The results show that the United States, China and England paid more attention to the research on offshore wind farms, and the number of publications had increased rapidly in recent years. During the period 1997-2010, the assessment of offshore wind energy, wave energy and other resources had been studied as the basis for the macro site selection of offshore wind farms. From 2011 to 2020, the micro-layout of offshore wind farms had been paid more attention. Since 2021, more studies begun to emphasize the sustainable development of offshore wind farms. Conclusion Overall, the location selection of offshore wind farms is influenced by the distribution of wind resources, the change of seafloor structure, the occurrence of marine geohazards, as well as the issuance of policy. With the maturity of shallow sea wind farm technology, the deep-sea offshore wind farm will be gradually developed in the future, which will further promote the development of floating offshore wind power. In addition, the cooperation development of offshore wind farms with oil and gas development, marine aquaculture and other projects will receive more research and attention.
2025, 12(1): 141-146
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-150
Abstract:
Objective In recent years, the wind turbine diameter of wind turbine has become larger and larger, which makes the wind load borne by the tower barrel more and more. In order to match the wind turbine, it is necessary to increase the diameter of the tower to meet its bearing capacity. With the increase of the diameter of the tower barrel, the diameter of the platform inside the tower barrel will also increase, and the weight will increase correspondingly, resulting in an increase in cost. At the same time, the diameter of the platform in the tower barrel increases, if the traditional platform beam is used, the welding part of the platform beam with the barrel is easy to cause a large stress concentration, and the structural failure is easy to occur, resulting in heavy losses. Method In order to avoid the problems of cost increase and easy failure of the welding part between the platform beam and the cylinder, caused by the increase of the platform diameter, the whole large inner platform of the tower cylinder was divided into 6 independent small platforms, and 2～3 supports were designed at the lower part of the platform, with one end of the support welded with the cylinder and one end free. The deformation and strength of the platform under two load conditions (SLS and ULS) were evaluated by the finite element analysis software. Result It is found that the platform is safe under the corresponding load conditions and is widely used in the field. Conclusion The design of sharding platform can not only meet the requirements of field use intensity, but also reduce weight and cost, and produce certain economic benefits, which has further promotion value.
2025, 12(1): 147-159
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-362
Abstract:
Objective Large-diameter monopile foundations are widely used in marine engineering in China and are typically installed through penetration. Due to the impact of the pile hammer, the pile body experiences continuous impact loads during the driving process, making it susceptible to fatigue issues. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the penetration process and fatigue damage of large-diameter monopile. Method This paper focused on the large-diameter monopile foundations. Based on the engineering field test data, a segmented pre-setting modeling method was proposed to address the issue of excessive computational workload in continuous pile penetration, allowing for segmented calculations of the monopile driving process. The feasibility of this method in calculating the mechanical response of the pile body during driving was verified. Time-history responses of displacement, velocity and stress at target points on the monopile under a single driving action were obtained. Fatigue damage at the welded position of the monopile varying cross-sections was calculated using the S-N curve and Palmgren-Miner theory. Result The results show that the proposed segmented pre-setting modeling method effectively reflects the mechanical response of the pile body under driving action. The trends of displacement, velocity and stress are in good agreement with the measured data. The error between the simulated maximum stress value and the measured value is within 10%. Conclusion The damage to the target cross-section of the monopile caused by a single driving action is directly related to the effective driving energy received. After 1017 hammer strikes, the fatigue damage at the welding position of the monopile varying cross-sections is 7.578%, accounting for 22.734% of the fatigue life under the designed safety premise. Therefore, attention should be paid to the fatigue damage of the pile body caused by the driving during the penetration process.
2025, 12(1): 160-167
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-127
Abstract:
Objective Current loop is an important control link in the grid-connection process of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). Aiming at the poor dynamic performance of doubly fed wind power generation system during parameter uptake in traditional PI control and the buffeting problem in traditional reaching law sliding mode control, the sliding mode variable structure is studied and designed. Method The research method of vector control of DFIG based on sliding mode variable structure mainly focused on utilizing the advantages of sliding mode variable structure control, such as fast response speed, insensitivity to parameter changes and perturbations, etc., and combining with the characteristics of DFIG to realize accurate vector control. First, the sliding mode surface was designed to ensure that the system state slides on the sliding mode surface, and then the sliding mode controller was designed to stabilize the system state and adjustments were made to enable the system to track the desired trajectory through feedback, to achieve efficient and stable control of DFIG. Additionally, the anti-buffeting factor was combined with the power function to design the reaching law function, proposing a kind of improved power function to improve the controller's performance. A sliding mode controller based on improved power function was then constructed. Result Simulations show that the control process of the sliding mode controller based on an improved power function is almost free of overshooting under sudden wind speed changes. Conclusion Compared with the traditional PI regulator, the sliding mode controller based on an improved power function has excellent dynamic performance and control accuracy, effectively improving the control effect, stability, and anti-interference ability in the doubly fed wind power generation system.
2025, 12(1): 168-176
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-293
Abstract:
Objective At present, wind power generation has been widely used, but wind power is volatile and unstable, and the grid voltage fluctuation and network loss increase will be caused after wind farms are connected to the grid. To solve these problems, a multi-objective reactive power optimization model of distribution network considering the reactive power output of doubly fed induction generator is proposed. Method Based on the segmentation idea, the uncertain dynamic problem of wind power was transformed into a definite static problem, and the improved whale optimization algorithm was used to solve the mathematical model. In order to solve the problems of low precision, slow convergence speed and easy to fall into local optimality of the traditional whale optimization algorithm, a hybrid strategy was adopted to improve whale optimization algorithm, and some improved methods such as tent mapping initialization, adaptive weight and adaptive probability threshold were introduced. Result Taking the improved IEEE33 node distribution network as an example, the improved whale optimization algorithm can improve the global search ability and convergence speed comparing the particle swarm optimization and gray wolf optimizer. Conclusion The optimal reactive power output of wind farm optimized by the proposed strategy can reduce more system losses and improve the voltage stability of distribution network.
2025, 12(1): 177-188
doi: 10.16516/j.ceec.2024-267
Abstract:
Objective In the context of global energy structure transformation and climate change response, wind energy, as one of the clean and renewable energy sources, the optimization of its utilization efficiency has become the focus of current research in the energy field. In order to reduce the influence of the wake effect between wind turbines on the output power of wind farms and improve the efficiency of wind farms, it is necessary to carry out a reasonable layout of wind turbines. Method Using Fast Farm simulation technology, the effects of changing the wind turbine spacing on the power and its improvement rate of three NREL 5 MW turbines in a turbulent wind farm under tandem and staggered arrangements were studied. Result When the spacing between turbines increases, the output power of the rear turbines can be significantly improved, but the degree of improvement is different, in which when the longitudinal spacing of the turbines is increased from 5D to 6D and from 10D to 11D, the power generation of the wind farm can be greatly improved. A reasonable range of values for the lateral spacing between wind turbines is derived, which allows for an optimal layout of the wind farm. Conclusion In this paper, the spacing between wind turbines is divided in more detail, and through the analysis of the degree of impact on the power of wind farms under different conditions, it can be seen that there are differences in the optimization of the layout of the wind turbine under the conditions of series and staggered rows, which provides a certain reference for the optimization of the layout of wind farms.
